1. Latin: Latin was the principal language of the educated elite and the Catholic Church throughout medieval Europe. It served as the lingua franca for scholarship, religious texts, and communication among educated individuals from different regions.
2. Old English: Spoken by the Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of England, Old English developed from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers during the 5th and 6th centuries.
3. Old Norse: The language of the Vikings, Old Norse, was spoken throughout Scandinavia, Iceland, and parts of the British Isles settled by Norsemen, including the Shetland and Orkney Islands.
4. Old French: Originating from Vulgar Latin, Old French was spoken in Northern France and areas heavily influenced by French culture, such as Normandy and parts of England after the Norman Conquest.
5. Old German: A precursor to modern German, Old German was spoken in various German-speaking regions of Central Europe, including parts of modern-day Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.
6. Old Spanish: Also known as Castilian Spanish, Old Spanish evolved from Vulgar Latin in the Iberian Peninsula and was spoken in the medieval kingdoms of Castile, León, and Aragon.
7. Old Italian: Deriving from Vulgar Latin, Old Italian developed in Italy and gave rise to the various dialects that eventually formed modern Italian.
8. Old Church Slavonic: Used as the liturgical language of the Slavic Orthodox Church, Old Church Slavonic was based on the Slavic dialects spoken in the Balkan region.
9. Old Irish: The ancestor of modern Irish, Old Irish was the primary language of Ireland during the medieval period.
10. Greek: The Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople, continued to use Greek as the official language throughout the Middle Ages. Greek scholarship and literature flourished during this time.
11. Hebrew: While not widespread, Hebrew continued to be used by Jewish communities in Europe for religious and cultural purposes.
12. Arabic: Arabic was influential in the Mediterranean region due to the expansion of the Islamic caliphates and the translation of ancient Greek and Roman texts into Arabic.
It's important to note that these languages often underwent changes and variations throughout the medieval period, influencing the development of modern European languages. Additionally, contact between different cultures, trade, and migration contributed to multilingualism and cultural exchange in certain areas.