1. Manual Scavenging: Untouchables were responsible for cleaning human excreta and other waste from streets, gutters, and latrines. This task was considered extremely degrading and hazardous to health.
2. Waste Disposal: Untouchables were also involved in the disposal of dead animals and other waste materials. They were often forced to handle these tasks without proper protective gear or sanitation facilities.
3. Cleaning: Untouchables were often employed as cleaners and sweepers in public spaces, homes, and temples. They performed tasks such as sweeping floors, washing clothes, and cleaning utensils.
4. Leather Work: Many untouchables were engaged in leather work, including tanning, shoemaking, and handling dead animals. This was seen as a polluting occupation and untouchables were often restricted to living in designated areas outside of the main village or town.
5. Sanitation Work: Untouchables were responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of public spaces, including streets, drains, and water sources. They were often required to work in hazardous conditions and were not provided with adequate safety equipment.
6. Menial Labor: Untouchables were often employed for various forms of menial labor, such as road construction, digging wells, and carrying heavy loads. They were typically paid very low wages and worked under harsh conditions.
7. Agricultural Work: Some untouchables worked as agricultural laborers, performing tasks such as harvesting crops, planting, and weeding. However, they often faced discrimination and were denied equal opportunities and remuneration.
It's important to note that the practice of untouchability has been abolished in India and the constitution of India guarantees equal rights to all citizens regardless of caste or social background. However, caste-based discrimination still persists in some parts of the country, and efforts are being made to address this issue and promote social inclusion.