* Death: This was the most common punishment for serious crimes, such as murder, treason, and heresy. Death sentences could be carried out in a variety of ways, including beheading, hanging, burning at the stake, and drowning.
* Mutilation: This was another common punishment for serious crimes. It could involve the loss of a limb, an eye, or an ear. Mutilation was also sometimes used as a form of torture to extract confessions or information from criminals.
* Imprisonment: This was a relatively rare punishment in medieval times, as prisons were often overcrowded and unsanitary. However, imprisonment was sometimes used for minor crimes or as a temporary measure before execution.
* Fines: Fines were often imposed for less serious crimes, such as theft or assault. The amount of the fine varied depending on the severity of the crime and the wealth of the offender.
* Public humiliation: This was a common punishment for minor crimes or as a way to deter future crimes. Public humiliation could involve being whipped, put in the stocks, or being forced to wear a sign of shame.
* Banishment: This was a punishment for more serious crimes, such as treason or heresy. Banishment involved being expelled from a particular region or country.