1. Golden Rhinoceros: Mapungubwe is famous for the golden rhinoceros, a small gold figurine of a rhinoceros that was discovered at the site in 1933. The rhinoceros is the most iconic symbol of Mapungubwe and is considered a masterpiece of ancient African art. It represents the wealth and power of the Mapungubwe Kingdom and is a symbol of the kingdom's cultural and economic significance.
2. Advanced Metallurgy: Mapungubwe was renowned for its advanced metallurgy. The kingdom had a sophisticated understanding of metalworking and produced a variety of gold and copper objects, including jewelry, ornaments, and tools. The gold objects found at Mapungubwe show intricate craftsmanship and a high level of skill. The kingdom's metallurgical expertise contributed to its prosperity and prestige.
3. Trade and Commerce: Mapungubwe was a major center of trade and commerce in southern Africa. The kingdom had trade connections with other African regions and with the Swahili coast. Mapungubwe exported gold, ivory, and animal products in exchange for imports such as beads, textiles, and luxury goods. Trade routes extended from Mapungubwe to the Indian Ocean, the interior of Africa, and the Great Zimbabwe region.
4. Great Wall: Mapungubwe is surrounded by a great wall, which is one of the largest pre-colonial structures in southern Africa. The wall is made of stone and is estimated to be around 1.5 kilometers long. It is believed to have been built for defense and to control access to the kingdom. The Great Wall is an impressive feat of engineering and offers insights into the organization and power of the Mapungubwe Kingdom.
5. Social Complexity: Mapungubwe was a complex society with a hierarchical structure. The kingdom was ruled by a king who was assisted by advisors and officials. The society had various social classes, including rulers, priests, warriors, artisans, and common people. Evidence suggests the presence of social inequality and specialized occupations, indicating a well-organized and sophisticated society.
6. Cultural and Religious Center: Mapungubwe was an important cultural and religious center. The kingdom had a rich religious tradition and practiced ancestor worship. The sacred mountain of Mapungubwe, located near the city, was an important religious site. The kingdom's religious beliefs influenced its social and political systems and played a vital role in the daily lives of its people.
7. Precursor to Great Zimbabwe: Mapungubwe is considered the precursor to the Great Zimbabwe civilization. After the decline of Mapungubwe in the 13th century, some of its inhabitants migrated north and established the Great Zimbabwe Kingdom, which became one of the most powerful states in southern Africa.
In summary, Mapungubwe was a major center of trade, metallurgy, and cultural development in southern Africa. It is historically significant for its advanced civilization, impressive architecture, intricate metalwork, and role in the development of subsequent kingdoms in the region.