1. Architecture:
- Arches and Vaults: The Persians developed and employed the use of arches and vaults in their architecture. These structural elements are prominent features in many buildings and bridges around the world.
- Column Capitals: The Persians introduced elaborate column capitals, such as the iconic Ionic and Corinthian styles, which continue to be widely used in classical and modern architecture.
2. City Planning:
- Urban Design: The Persians emphasized organized city planning, with wide avenues, gardens, and public spaces. Their approach to urban design influenced the layout of cities throughout the Middle East and beyond.
3. Royal Gardens:
- Paradisos or Paradise Parks: The Persians created enclosed gardens known as paradisos, which featured intricate designs with flowers, trees, and waterways. This concept influenced later garden designs in Europe and Asia.
4. Mathematics:
- Algebra: The Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi made significant contributions to algebra and is considered the father of algebra. His book "Al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala" (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing) laid the foundation for algebraic methods used today.
5. Astronomy:
- Observatories: The Persians built observatories and conducted detailed observations of celestial bodies. Their work contributed to the advancement of astronomy and the development of later astronomical instruments.
6. Medical Science:
- Pharmacology and Surgery: Persian physicians such as Rhazes (Al-Razi) and Avicenna (Ibn Sina) made significant advancements in medical sciences, including pharmacology and surgery. Their writings were widely influential in the field of medicine.
7. Literature and Poetry:
- Epic Poetry: The Persian tradition of epic poetry, exemplified by the works of Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh," has had a profound impact on world literature.
8. Bureaucratic System:
- Efficient Governance: The Persians established an effective bureaucratic system based on merit and specialization. This system influenced later governmental organizations and administrative structures.
9. Trade and Infrastructure:
- Extensive Trade Networks: The Persian Empire facilitated trade across vast territories, connecting the East with the West. They constructed infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, to support commerce and communication.
These contributions from the Persian Empire continue to influence various fields, leaving an enduring legacy on architecture, mathematics, astronomy, literature, and more, shaping our world even today.