Superior Greek naval tactics: The Greek trireme, with its unique design featuring three tiers of oars, provided enhanced speed and maneuverability, allowing the Greek fleet to execute tactical maneuvers and outmaneuver the Persian fleet in the confined waters.
Greek familiarity with the local waters: The Greek forces had local knowledge of the winds, currents, and underwater hazards of the region, which gave them a significant advantage in navigating the narrow straits and effectively deploying their ships.
Psychological factors: The Greek warriors were fighting to protect their homeland and families from the Persian invasion, while the Persian forces were predominantly composed of subject nations and mercenaries who lacked the same level of motivation and commitment as their Greek counterparts.
Athenian intelligence and preparation: The Athenian general, Themistocles, had anticipated the Persian invasion and proactively relocated the civilian population to safety and ensured that the Greek fleet was well-prepared for the upcoming conflict.
These factors collectively contributed to the Persian disadvantage at the Battle of Salamis, ultimately resulting in their defeat by the Greek forces.