Ancient history

What did the Nisenan Indians eat?

Acorns

- Acorns were the staple food of the Nisenan Indians.

- They could harvest up to 10,000 pounds a year

- They were mashed, leached to remove their bitterness, and then pounded into meal

- The meal was mixed with water to make mush

- Sometimes acorn bread was baked in a pit oven

Seeds

- Seeds such as chia, goldenrod, peppergrass, lupine and sunflower seeds were harvested throughout the year and ground into meal.

- The meal was mixed with water to make mush or baked into seed cakes.

Berries

- Blackberries, elderberries, gooseberries, huckleberries, manzanita berries, serviceberries, strawberries and thimbleberries were collected in season.

- The berries could be eaten fresh, or they could be preserved for later use.

- To preserve them, the berries were dried or juiced.

- The juice was made into a drink called "squaw brew" or "tiswin."

Salmon and other fish

- Salmon was an important food for the Nisenan Indians, but it was not always available.

- Other types of fish consumed included: trout, bass, suckerfish and steelhead.

- The fish were caught using nets or spears, and they could be eaten fresh, dried or smoked.

Meat

- When it was available, meat was also a part of the Nisenan diet.

- Some examples include: deer, elk, bear and rabbit

- Small mammals such as rodents, raccoons and squirrels were also hunted and eaten.

- Meat could be cooked fresh or preserved for later use by smoking, drying or salting.