However, later during colonization efforts and subsequent European conquests, Indigenous populations in the Americas experienced significant decline due to factors such as warfare, diseases introduced by the Europeans, enslavement, displacement, and cultural changes that disrupted traditional livelihoods and societies. These processes collectively and tragically reduced many native populations on a much larger scale, often characterized as a demographic collapse . The subsequent colonization of many native lands brought immense human cost across generations in the years following this time, with complex effects lasting into present eras.