1. Invasion: He led an expedition to Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, in the 16th century. The invasion began in 1519 when Cortes and his forces arrived on the coast of Mexico.
2. Political Alliances: Cortes formed alliances with indigenous groups, such as the Tlaxcalans, who were enemies of the Aztecs. These alliances significantly weakened the Aztecs' military power.
3. Siege and Destruction: Cortes and his men laid siege on Tenochtitlan in May 1521. The siege lasted several months during which fierce battles took place. The Aztecs were weakened by disease, battles and starvation. Ultimately, Cortes' forces breached the city's defenses and captured Tenochtitlan.
4. Razing of the City: After capturing Tenochtitlan, Cortes ordered the systematic destruction of the city. The Aztec capital was largely demolished, including temples, palaces, and other important buildings.
5. Rebuilding: Following the destruction, Cortes and the Spanish settlers began rebuilding the city. Tenochtitlan was transformed into Mexico City, which became the capital of the Spanish colony of New Spain.