1. Resistance from Indigenous Groups: The Aztec Empire was a powerful and well-organized state with a large population. Cortés and his men faced fierce resistance from various indigenous groups, including the Tlaxcalans, who initially opposed the Spanish but later became their allies.
2. Disease: European diseases, such as smallpox and measles, devastated the indigenous populations of the Americas. These diseases spread rapidly and caused widespread death, weakening the Aztec Empire and making it more vulnerable to attack.
3. Limited Resources: Cortés and his men were outnumbered by the Aztecs and had limited resources in terms of manpower, weapons, and supplies. They had to rely on their superior military tactics, alliances with indigenous groups, and the element of surprise to overcome their numerical disadvantage.
4. Language Barriers: The Spanish and the Aztecs spoke different languages, which created communication challenges. Cortés used interpreters to facilitate communication and build relationships with indigenous allies.
5. Complex Terrain: The terrain in central Mexico, where the Aztec Empire was located, was varied and challenging. Cortés had to navigate through mountains, forests, and lakes to reach the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
6. Logistical Challenges: Supplying the Spanish forces was difficult due to the long distances involved and the need to transport heavy equipment and supplies. Cortés had to establish supply lines and ensure that his men had adequate food, weapons, and ammunition.
7. Political Intrigues: Cortés had to deal with political intrigues and rivalries among the indigenous groups he encountered. He skillfully navigated these complexities by forming alliances with certain groups and playing them against each other to weaken the Aztec Empire.
Despite these obstacles, Cortés and his men managed to conquer the Aztec Empire in a relatively short period of time, demonstrating their military prowess, diplomatic skills, and ability to adapt to challenging circumstances.