The Holy Roman Empire that was the origin of Germany And Italy The relationship is as described in "Holy Roman Empire and Lombard League". As a result, I will summarize what kind of changes the two countries have made, but since it seems to be long, I will focus on Germany only this time.
The beginning of the Holy Roman Empire and the influence of Italian policy
The Holy Roman Empire originally began with a gathering of several tribes. Otto the Great Subsequent Saxony And Salian dynasty At the stage of the early dynasty, it was a situation where it was forcibly suppressed.
That is why he wanted to use the influence of religion to suppress the lords.
In addition, because she has a sloppy relationship with the church, including love and hate, she wanted to exert the influence of the Holy Roman Empire on the church by securing a home base of Rome.
Like that Holy Roman Empire Italy was necessary because of its formation process and significance of existence, but as it intervenes many times, it causes internal political turmoil.
When the lords become stronger, the emperor also opposes the lords and is a imperial city of the same rank as the lords. As he began to make (payment to the emperor and obliged to serve in the military), the country became more and more disjointed (commercial development and the decline of feudal society [Western Europe] -in the case of Germany-).
Thus, even the princes were strong Holy Roman Empire Goes in a direction different from the emperors' expectations, and the princes become stronger and stronger.
In the 13th and 14th centuries, influential lords territorial Is designed to form.
What is a territorial state? ??
It's like a small, semi-independent nation. It is said that there were about 300 territories, large and small. Countries with names such as the Principality of XX and the Kingdom of XX were in a state of turmoil. Territorial State Is like a country, whereas imperial city Is a smaller unit.
Holy Roman Empire Is such a territorial state Imperial City that does not belong to the territorial state It refers to the nation that encloses.
Establishment of the Imperial Diet
In Western Europe, in the Middle Ages, at the end of the 12th century, from the country of Leon on the Iberian Peninsula, lords, priests, and city representatives By Estates Will be done.
The king had convened his representatives to hold a parliament.
Holy Roman Empire In the case of, the emperor convened a representative to hold a parliament, but the representative was a little different from the others, and instead of being a "representative of the city," "lords," "priests," and " empire. City representative ” Limited to Estates Was open. This parliament is Imperial Diet I call it.
The Estates One of the main purposes of is the "Election of the King", but Holy Roman Empire So throughout the 13th century monarchy election system Was fixed in earnest.
In the elections from around the 13th century, not all princes had the right to choose a king (King of the Romans or King of Germany), but elector . Only those who are called have.
* In the election, King of the Romans Note that I chose (King of Germany)! Virtually King of the Romans Is the Holy Roman Emperor, but he cannot become an emperor without being crowned in Rome So, I chose King of the Romans is. King of Germany Also called.
This Elector, At the beginning, some people were elected in turn and were not completely fixed. But Charles IV Golden Bull in the era of (reigned 1347-78) With the promulgation of (also known as the Golden Bull) (1356), the more sacred Seven Electors It has been confirmed as.
They Electors of the Seven Electors Was also allowed ancillary provisions other than elections.
- Full jurisdiction
- Money mining rights
- Customs duty collection rights, etc.
In this way, it effectively gained control close to that of a modern nation, in the Holy Roman Empire . Will become more federal.
After this, other princes tried to follow them, and the tendency of each territorial state to become independent became stronger.
Next, let's see what kind of dynasty was in the Holy Roman Empire.
How have the Holy Roman dynasties and emperors changed?
Otto the Great crowned from the Roman Church Holy Roman Empire , which is said to have been born from Emperor, but Habsburg Until Charles V, he was not recognized as an emperor unless he was crowned by the Pope as an emperor.
As explained earlier, the person who can be crowned is basically a election by the lords. Selected by King of the Romans It will be. Basically, the monarchy is decided by election ( election monarchy However, depending on the times, it seems that it was inherited in a hereditary system (in a form that looks like).
From the genealogy, the origin of the monarch, how to choose, etc.
- Saxony (Riudolfing family) [919-1024]
- Salian Dynasty [1024-1125]
- Saxon dynasty (Süpplinburg family) [1125-1137]
- Hohenstaufen dynasty [1130-1208, 1215-1254]
- Welfen dynasty [1198-1215]
- Interregnum [1254-1273]
- The era of jumping elections [1273-1437]
―――――――― End of the Middle Ages ――――――――――
- Habsburg Dynasty [1438-1740]
- Wittelsbach family [1742-1745]
- Habsburg-Roadlingen dynasty [1745-1806]
The dynasties are divided like this. Details on the transition of each dynasty, including the flow, will be updated in a separate article.
It was the Saxony that the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire had the power to bear the name and reality. And Salian dynasty Only in the early days of. After that, the emperor feels like one of the great lords of the name.
Investiture Controversy in the Salian dynasty Canossa's humiliation at the end of Developed to. This case reflects the diminishing power of the emperor and the great influence of the church.
Of which. .. .. Formally the next generation of " King of the Romans " in a hereditary manner Is elected and becomes an emperor by being crowned by the Pope. ”The flow is anti-king by the anti-royal family. It collapsed when it came to be recommended.
* The royal / anti-royal sect is only added for convenience, and originally
Staufen sect (Royal side) / Werff faction I call it (anti-royal side)
Since the pope and the antipope were born in the church, the situation became messed up, such as establishing an antipope from the antipope and having the antipope crown the Roman king. Was not decided well.
In this way, before the emperor can be decided, he will be cut off because he has no firstborn, or the throne will be deprived or killed in prison by his relatives due to the influence of the proper treatment of the emperor.
In addition, this Izakoza led to the intervention from England, which has a relationship with the king and the emperor, and the intervention of France, which is in conflict with England.
Interregnum
Interregnum At that time, the former dynasty Staufen Despite the severance, the division of the princes continued due to the faction struggle from the previous dynasty. The younger brothers of King Castile and King of England are King of the Romans due to their factions pushing or intervening from abroad. Enthronement as.
However, he hardly showed his face to Germany and did not reach the crown.
Holy Roman Empire because they were the puppets of the Kings of France and England, respectively. The lords are worried that "it may cause more interference from abroad" as it is.
Therefore, the lords and others became the flow of "let's elect ourselves and choose the king", and the next jumping election Move to the era of.
The era of jumping elections
The first choice was the Habsburg Rudolf I .. His son's personality and the Habsburgs The princes who were wary of their growth did not want to be hereditary, and after Rudolph, Count Nassau Adolf Has been elected.
The Habsburgs have not become hereditary since then. And Luxembourg House , Schwarzburg House, Wettersbach Family Etc. have come to take the throne.
From this background, Holy Roman Empire Then, the throne will change, and the interests of the territorial prince will be more important than the interests of the entire empire. In addition, although some were crowned as emperors, more than half remained in the position of King of the Romans.
Originally, the Holy Roman Empire needed an emperor to bring together the princes, and the princes played the role of the emperor on the church side, and the church was completely divided into east and west. It must have faded.
Under such circumstances, the Luxembourg family Charles IV Golden Bull The promulgation of the Golden Bull (also known as the Golden Bull) has ensured that the seven electors will be given the same authority as the sovereign nation, and the country will become more and more disjointed.
The era of jumping elections was an era of division and confrontation. The reason for this is the change in the power relations of the princes, the church, and the emperor, but it seems that the social unrest caused by the plague was also the background.
* The reason why a famous Italian brand was born "after the illness" -learning from the country and history that overcame the infectious disease in the Middle Ages-from
After the Habsburg dynasty
In the 15th century, the Habsburgs are finally here. However, hereditary succession will continue to reign as King of Germany and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He did not reign as a powerful emperor, but remained as one of the official officials without reality.
In the 16th century, religious reform Waves Holy Roman Empire The situation surrounding Italy has changed, and he has become an emperor without being crowned with a Catholic backing.
Furthermore, Thirty Years War Westphalia Treaty that ended (1618-48) Then, when the territorial prince further increased his independence, the Holy Roman Empire became completely mere corpse. The division of the Holy Roman Empire into a territorial state has become decisive.
Among them, in 1789 in neighboring France, French Revolution French Revolutionary War with European countries interfering with the revolution Outbreak. Later Napoleonic Wars The Holy Roman Empire , which had already become a mere corpse due to the transition to Was destroyed both in name and reality.