Conquest of Nepalese
At the end of the eighteenth century, small kings ruled Italy. Many of these kings were under the king of Austria. In those days there was a long war between France and Austria to establish supremacy in Europe. At that time Napoleon Bonaparte was a military officer in the French army.
He dreamed of subjugating the whole world, just as the Macedonian king Alexander had once seen. Early in his life, when he was only 27 years old, he said - 'Great empires and tremendous changes have happened only in the East, in the East where 60 million people live. Europe is just a small teakry.'
In AD 1796, at the age of 27, Napoleon was defeated by 'French Army of Italy' He was sent to conquer the Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy, where the French forces were fighting and losing to the Austrian forces. Napoleon made a public announcement before invading Italy that- 'The French army has come to liberate Italy from Austrian slavery.'
Napoleon killed 14,000 Austrian soldiers in various wars. Napoleon himself also lost 5000 soldiers, but he defeated the enemy in the first three places and broke Austria's relationship with Piedmont. After this he forced Sardinia to cease war. Napoleon also conquered the Italian state of Milan in the Battle of Lodi.
Mantua had to surrender in the battle of Rivoli. Archduke Charles also had to submit a treaty and the agreement of Luban was signed. In all these wars and negotiations, Napoleon did not take any orders from Paris. Napoleon converted a state named Lombardy into a republic called Cisalpine and Genoa into a republic called Ligurian, and in both these places he implemented a new legislation based on French legislation.
These successes of Napoleon caused the Austrian armies to lose their footing from Italy and Austria had to leave the territories of Belialium, the frontier regions of the Rhine and the regions of Lombardy. In a way, the whole of Italy passed out of Austria's hands.
The Miscellaneous End of the Second Edition of the Holy Roman Empire
On his return to his home country of France from the Italian campaign, Napoleon was given a grand welcome. Napoleon's next conquest was to invade Austria and force the emperor there to enter into the humiliating Treaty of Campophormio.
At this time, King Francis (II) of Austria was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He had to submit to Napoleon Bonaparte on 18 October 1797 for the Treaty of Campo Formio. With this he was stripped of the title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and formally and formally ended the second edition of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been dragging on since AD 962.
There was no longer a Holy Roman emperor, nor were Rome, Sicily, Sardinia and Milan under him. Napoleon Bonaparte's attention turned to Rome and its pope after the Austrian emperor was proud.
Treaty of Tolentin between Pope and Napoleon
In AD 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte attacked Rome. His armies easily defeated the Papal Troops and captured Ancona and Loreto. Pope Pius (VI) appealed to Napoleon for peace. This was followed by the Treaty of Tolentino on 19 February 1979, but this treaty lasted only a few days.
On 28 December 1997, a riot broke out in Rome in which French Brigadier General Mathurian-Leonard Dufot and French envoy Joseph Bonaparte were killed. The Papal armies blamed this disturbance on some Italian and French agitators. On this the French General Berthier attacked Rome again. Rome's armies were again defeated.
I am your master
French forces entered Rome on 10 February 1798. Napoleon made preparations for his grand reception in Rome and entered Rome as a superhero. The main reception was held in the Arch-Bishop's palace.
While addressing the people of Rome at this ceremony, Napoleon said- 'I am your master, but my task will be to protect you. Five hundred guns and friendship with France, that's all I want from you. You will feel more secure and independent than in France. This state with a population of 50 lakhs will become a new republic and Milan will be its capital. You are allowed to have five hundred guns.
Also you have to make France a friendly nation. I will elect 50 people from among you who will run the country in the name of France. You have to accept our laws by adapting to your customs. By maintaining mutual unity, everything will go well. I promise you special protection even if the Habsburgs conquer Lombardy again.
You will never be deported. No one will be able to snatch your land. Something unwanted can happen only if I am not alive. You know that even Athens Besparta could not maintain its existence forever. Keep the unity in the country by trusting me. This is my request to you all.'
Establishment of the Republic in Rome and the arrest of the Pope
A republic was established in Rome by the Nepalese. All the papal powers were abolished and the Pope was asked to renounce all his religious rights. The Pope refused to obey the orders of the French armies.
On this Pope Pius (VI) was taken prisoner. He was taken from the Vatican to Siena on 20 February 1798. From there he was taken to Sertosa and a few days later to Florence. The Pope was taken via Tuscany, Parma, Piacenza, Turin and Grenoble to the Citadel of Valence.
On 29 August 1799, about a month and a half after reaching Valence, the Pope died in captivity. He was the Pope for the longest period in the then history of the Church of Rome. The Pope's body continued to deteriorate in the fortress of Valence, but he was not buried before 30 January 1800. Napoleon then calculated that it was appropriate to bury the Pope's body in this place so that the office of the Catholic Church could be moved from Rome to France.
Readers will recall that the Pope's office had been in France for some time before. The Pope's fellow bishops asked Napoleon to allow the Pope to be buried in Rome according to his last wish, but Napoleon did not accept this prayer.
Later on 24 December 1801, the Pope's coffin was taken out of Valens' tomb to Rome and on 19 February 1802, Pope Pius (VII) had the body of the late Pope Pius (VI) cremated by Catholic method.
New treaty from the new Pope
During this period the majority of the people of Rome and France were under the influence of the Catholic Church. Napoleon weakened the power of the Church and subjugated it to the state. Church property was nationalized and the clergy were asked to take an oath of allegiance to the state. This angered the Pope and he incited the general public to protest. As a result, tension arose between the government and the general public. To overcome this, Napoleon made an agreement with Pope Pius (VII) in AD 1801, which is called Concordate. Its main provisions were as follows-
1. Catholicism was accepted as the state religion.
2. The bishops will be appointed by the first councilor but they will be ordained by the Pope.
3. Bishops will appoint minor priests only on the approval of the rule.
4. It will be mandatory for all the officers of the church to take an oath of allegiance to the state. Thus the church became a part of the state and its officials began to receive salaries from the state.
5. All the arrested priests were released and the priests who had fled the country were allowed to return.
6. The Pope relinquished his authority from the confiscated property and land of the Church.
7. The war-time calendar was postponed and the old calendar and holiday days were reintroduced.
Thus Napoleon made a treaty with the Pope for political purposes and ended the wartime chaos and made the Church an ally and partner of the state. Napoleon later tried to heal the wartime wounds of the church. He allowed the pope to continue in his office but limited his authority. Now the Pope 'Papal State' The king was no more.
Lord of the Iron Crown of Lombardy
On 26 May 1805, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned the Lombard monarchs of Italy in the cathedral of Milan. Along with this, Napoleon destroyed forever the illusion of existence of any kind of Roman Empire in Rome or any part of Europe. When Napoleon ended the Roman Empire, no one in the world paid attention to this event.
Nevertheless, the kings of England, Russia, Germany and other countries continued to bear the titles of Emperor, Caesar, Caesar and Czar, which were the last signs of the ancient Roman Empire. Even in AD 1877, Queen Victoria of England 'Kaiser-e-Hind' Announced his sovereignty by taking the title of, which literally means the empress of India. After the end of the First World War, words like Caesar, Caesar and Czar were forever lost from the world.
Pope again imprisoned
Napoleon's agreement with the Pope proved to be temporary. Due to this, Napoleon again had to fight with the Pope in AD 1807. In April 1808, Rome again came under Napoleon's control. In AD 1809, the Pope was taken prisoner. This led Catholics not only in Rome but throughout Europe to believe that Napoleon was a demon destroying not only the independence of the states, but also their religion.
So the sympathy for Napoleon in Europe ended. One reason for Catholic concern was that in the Napoleonic Code implemented by the French-Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, Catholicism was accepted as the official religion, but all religions were given equal rights. The Catholic Church was not ready to accept this arrangement.
Napoleon's End
Napoleon once said that - 'Power is my mistress. To control it, I have had to go through so much trouble that I will neither allow anyone else to snatch it nor enjoy it with me.'
Perhaps Napoleon was right in part that power was his mistress, but he was wrong in saying that I would not let anyone take it away. A creature named mistress neither stays with any man forever nor leaves any part of happiness in the life of any man. In whose life a creature named mistress enters, his pleasures leave him in a very short time and that man moves towards annihilation.
The same thing happened with Napoleon. The time of his doom was near. Anyway, in Europe of that period, the king whose Pope and the Church became enemies, that king could not stay on his throne for a long time, Napoleon Bonaparte could not survive either. French forces were defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, and the British captured Napoleon and sent him to the island of St. Helena in the middle of the Atlantic Sea, where he died in February 1821.
Many small kingdoms in Italy were destroyed during the Napoleonic Wars. The people of these states found themselves in a larger environment under a larger system of governance and they experienced nationalism. Due to this a national movement arose in Italy which is called Risorgimento in the history of Italy.