The romanticism is a European literary and artistic movement born at the end of the 18th century, and which reached its peak during the 19th century. This new form of sensitivity expresses the heartbreak of amorous passions and the anguish of human loneliness. Around 1800, the whole of Europe was af
The Law of Separation of Church and State of December 9, 1905 put an end to the Concordat regime of 1801 which associated the Catholic Church and the State in France. Anchored in the republican tradition, the idea of a separation of the Catholic Church and the French State was already pronounced b
Following the banning of the Republican Banquets campaign by Guizot, the revolution broke out from 22 to February 25, 1848 , resulting in the abdication of King Louis-Philippe and the fall of the July Monarchy. A republican provisional government is set up, it is the birth of the Second Republic . T
Revealing the deep ideological and political divisions in France before 1914, the Dreyfus Affair is at the origin of a serious political crisis which, from 1896 to 1899, caused a deep division of public opinion. It all started on October 15, 1894, when artillery captain Alfred Dreyfus, of Alsatian a
The July Monarchy is a constitutional and liberal monarchy resulting from the revolutionary days known as the Trois Glorieuses (July 27, 28 and 30, 1830) which led to the abdication of Charles X and the proclamation of Louis Philippe dOrléans as King of the French. Favorable to the business communit
The Second Empire , led by Napoleon III from December 2, 1852 to September 4, 1870, succeeded the short-lived Second Republic. It was a period of great economic growth, particularly industrial, financial and banking, which caused social changes, such as the development of the working class. After an
The Commune of Paris designates the movement and the insurrectionary government set up by the Parisians at the end of the Franco-German war, from March 18 to May 28, 1871. After the siege of Paris and the signing of the Franco-German armistice, the Parisians , whom Adolphe Thiers wanted to disarm, r
Egyptology , a scientific study of Egyptian civilization, was born in the 19th century, thanks to Bonapartes campaign in Egypt and the decoding of hieroglyphics by Champollion . Despite the general enthusiasm for the ancient East, knowledge of this culture is restricted to a small committee of schol
King of France from 1461 to 1483, Louis XI , nicknamed “the universal aragne”, had the heavy task of restoring to France its lost prosperity during the Hundred Years War. Turbulent son of Charles VII, he has a reputation as a harsh ruler, sometimes seen as a tyrant. His reign was nevertheless funda
Louis XVI was king of France from 1774 to 1789 then king of the French until 1792:guillotined during the French Revolution, he was the last sovereign of the Ancien Régime. Grandson of Louis XV, the future Louis XVI is married to Marie-Antoinette, the daughter of the German Emperor François I. Aged
Lyes XV (1710-1774) was King of France from 1715 to 1774. Great-grandson of Louis XIV, he succeeded him on the throne when he was only five years old:power was then entrusted to the regent Philippe d Orleans until 1723. Well advised by Cardinal Fleury, the young monarch aroused hope and enthusiasm i
Henry III , King of France from 1574 to 1589, was the last ruler of the Valois dynasty. Fourth son of Henri II and Catherine de Médicis, he was not destined to reign. A skilful legislator, he demonstrated a strong desire for national unity in a France then undermined by the Wars of Religion. Intell
Charles V, said the Sage, was king of France (1364-1380). Son of John II the Good, he became regent of the kingdom during his fathers detention in England. He then had to face peasant revolts (the jacqueries), a Parisian uprising led by the provost of the merchants Etienne Marcel and had to fight ag
King of France from 1515 to 1547,Francis I passed down to posterity thanks to the battle of Marignan, won by the king-knight in 1515. A great lover of women and hunting, great prince of the French Renaissance and protector of the arts and letters, his reign had a profound effect on the sixteenth cen
Charles VII (1403-1461), known as the Victorious, was a king of France from the Valois dynasty. His reign, which lasted nearly forty years (1422-1461), is inseparable from the end of the Hundred Years War. It covers one of the most eventful periods in the history of France and can also be a time whe
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French general during the Revolution, then proclaimed himself First Consul from 1800 to 1804, before becoming Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815, under the name of Napoleon Ier . Having become very popular after his campaigns in Italy and Egypt, he put an en
Louis XIV , nicknamed the Great » or « the Sun King was King of France from 1643 to 1715. During his long reign, the most famous of the Bourbons waged numerous and costly wars across Europe, while modernizing the administration and intervening in the economic development of the kingdom. Having chose
Philip IV, known as the Beautiful, king of France from 1285 to 1314, owes his nickname to his immense stature and the beauty of his impassive face. “It is neither a man nor a beast, it is a statue .” said of him the French prelate Bernard Saisset. His reign is considered by historians to be one of t
After the Second World War, the Palace of Versailles required considerable restoration work. After the tragic death of curator Charles Mauricheau-Beaupré and among the crowd of applicants for this sought-after post, Gérald Van Der Kemp stands out, becoming for twenty-seven years The Chief Curator of
As early as 1944, Free France and De Gaulle reflected on the social and societal reforms that would have to be put in place. once peace has returned:womens right to vote in france is a highly symbolic and long overdue measure. For nearly a century, French women have been excluded from universal suf
Much has been written in recent years about Viking culture. Movies and television series have managed to arouse admiration for this fascinating culture that emerged overnight as a true Ragnaröki against European cultures, to, in the same sudden way, plunge into integration and oblivion. It did not d
Before getting into the pink gossip of the Sumerians, it should be noted that the marriage between the two rivers had no religious connotations. It is true that the act was presided over by a priest, but that was done to collect the corresponding tax (all religions pass the brush, right?) and to att
The crisis of 1640 is known as a series of peninsular conflicts and others of an extra-peninsular nature. Among the internal conflicts, caused by the tensions between the Crown and the kingdoms and by a marked fiscal pressure, the following should be noted:Vizcaya riots against the levy of soldiers
On February 5, 1597, 26 Christians (Jesuits, Franciscans and Japanese converts) were crucified on the hill of Nagasaki (Japan) by an imperial order based on to a lie, according to which these Catholic priests would actually be the advance guard of a conquering Spanish army. Crucifixion of the marty