History of Europe

• Reign of Charles III

  Fernando VI died on August 10, 1759, opening the doors to the reign of Carlos III (1759-1788), who arrived in Madrid in December. Considered by most historians as the most active period of the 18th century in the application of the enlightened despotism model, the monarch personally dedicated himsel

• Reign of Ferdinand VI

  Married to the Portuguese Bárbara de Braganza, Ferdinand VI (1746-1759) inaugurated a period of apparent pacifism after the turbulent reign of his father. However, the policy developed, especially under the influence of the Marquis of Ensenada and Don José de Carvajal, was directed towards deep ref

• The Battle of Lepanto

  The Battle of Lepanto In the last great galley battle in the Mediterranean, the combined fleet of the Western Christian powers defeated the Turkish fleet thanks to superior artillery and better-armed fighters. The Turkish losses were so great that their naval power never receded. Data of the battle

• The Spanish Armada

  The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the legendary victories in English history. The English artillery defeated the Spanish fleet albeit only after a fire ship attack scattered the Armada at Calais, and prevented it from escorting the Spanish army across the English Channel. Invincible Army da

• Muslim conquest

  The Muslim conquest began on July 19, 711, when on the banks of the Guadalete, the Arab and Berber troops of Táriq, freedman of Muza, defeated the Visigothic army of King Rodrigo , victim of the treacherous betrayal of Vitizas children and those close to him, among whom the Archbishop of Seville, Op

• Reign of Alfonso X

  Alphonse X (1221-1284), known as the Wise , had an outstanding intervention in the Castilian-Leonese military campaigns. In the year 1264 a Mudejar revolt broke out in Andalusian lands, quickly spreading to the kingdom of Murcia. While Alfonso dedicated himself to suppressing that uprising, his fath

• Catalan Civil War

  The new Aragonese monarch was Juan II (1458-1479), brother of Alfonso V. Juan II had, when he acceded to the Aragonese throne, a long experience. In Castile he had been the head of the group known as the infants of Aragon. In Navarra, thanks to his first marriage to Blanca, he had been king consort

• Repopulation of the Duero basin

  The main activity carried out by the Asturian-Leonese kingdom, during the 8th to 10th centuries, was the colonization of the spaces located between the Cantabrian mountain range and the Duero river. This territory, which comprised some seventy thousand square kilometres, included the center and sout

• Cultural manifestations in Christian Medieval Spain

  The cultural manifestations of the Christian nuclei of the Iberian Peninsula were extremely poor, especially if we compare them with those of al-Andalus at that same time. The culture, completely dominated by the ecclesiastics, had purposes of a religious nature . In the Asturian kingdom, the influe

• First nuclei of Christian resistance

  The mountainous territories of the north of the Iberian Peninsula had been left out of the domain of al-Andalus. Various peoples lived in these areas, established since pre-Roman times, including the Galicians, the Asturians, the Cantabrians or the Vascones, as well as the Hispani , name given by th

• The Birth of the Courts

  In the year 1188 the Leonese monarch Alfonso IX summoned an extraordinary Curia Regia, which was attended, for the first time, by delegates from some cities and towns of his kingdom , or what is the same, the third state. That event marked, neither more nor less, the birth of the Cortes. It has bee

• The table

  The population of the kingdoms of Castilla y León continued its vegetative growth in the 13th century. Regarding economic activities, the essential line was agriculture . The main crops were cereals and vineyards, not forgetting vegetables, fruit trees and even industrial crops, such as flax. For th

• Taifa Kingdoms

  From the middle of the 11th century we witness a radical change in the correlation of forces between the Christians and the Muslims of Hispania. Undoubtedly, the decomposition of al-Andalus contributed to this, as a result of the disappearance of the Caliphate of Córdoba, but also the progress that

• Reign of Henry IV of Castile

  After the death of Juan II, the new King of Castile was Enrique IV (1454-1474), known as the Impotent. Enrique IV, defined by Gregorio Marañón as dysplastic eunuchoid , is one of the most controversial monarchs in the entire history of Castile. Undoubtedly, weakness of character, withdrawal and apat

• Reign of Juan II of Castile

  Juan II (1406-1454) acceded to the throne as a child, so it was necessary to establish a regency, of which his mother, Catherine of Lancaster , was a part. , and his uncle, the infante Don Fernando . The latter, conquered, in the year 1410, the Plaza de Antequera, taken from the Muslims of Granad

• Reign of Pedro IV of Aragon

  Jaime II was succeeded to the Aragonese throne by Alfonso IV (1327-1336). In his brief reign, the Sasser revolt (1329) took place in Sardinia, with the support of the Genoese. The tension between the Crown of Aragon and the Republic of Genoa was very great, but it did not lead to a war. However, Alf

• roman hispania

  A decisive step in the Hispanic historical evolution was the occupation of the peninsular lands by the Roman armies. The starting point was the struggle sustained by the then Roman republic with Carthage, which it had occupied, in the middle of the third century before Christ , the Iberian Peninsula

• Visigoth Kingdom

  The Roman Empire, which dragged a strong crisis in the third century, ended up disappearing, which happened in the year 476. The essential cause of this catastrophe was found in the serious internal problems, both political and military as well as social and economic, but The pressure exerted from o

• Recaredo's conversion

  In the year 586 AD, Recaredo accedes to the throne after the death of his father. Ten months later, Recaredo converted to the Catholic Church, ratified at the Third Council of Toledo, in 589. Recaredo was a military king who had victoriously defended the Visigothic kingdom against the northern kingd

• Carthaginian colonization

  The Phoenicians had shown no initiatives of territorial conquest while they were dedicated to the establishment of commercial colonies on the coasts of Spain; but their relatives and successors, the Carthaginians, who failed in Sicily against the Greeks and then against Rome, tried to compensate for