1. Portuguese Navigational Supremacy: Rather than dividing the world between Spain and Portugal, the treaty motivated Portugal to enhance its navigational skills, leading to the remarkable voyages of Vasco da Gama and the establishment of a strong Portuguese foothold in the East Indies.
2. Spain's Delayed Exploration: Spain initially focused on conquering neighboring regions and the Caribbean rather than exploring the newly discovered lands, missing out on the early opportunities in Asia. Spain's eventual exploration efforts resulted in the colonization of the Americas.
3. Emergence of Other European Powers: The Treaty of Tordesillas unintentionally paved the way for the rise of other European powers like England, France, and the Netherlands, which were not bound by the treaty's provisions. They capitalized on the exploration and colonization of new lands, establishing their own global empires.
4. Conflicts over Imperial Claims: The treaty's vague geographical definitions and shifting borders led to conflicts and disputes between Portugal and Spain over territorial claims, particularly in areas like South America.
5. Cultural and Ethnic Mixing: The Portuguese and Spanish colonization efforts led to the mixing of different cultures, languages, and traditions in various parts of the world, resulting in the rich cultural diversity seen today.
6. Indigenous Peoples' Impact: The arrival of European colonizers had a devastating impact on indigenous peoples, leading to immense loss of life due to diseases, displacement, and cultural disruption.
7. Technological Exchange: The voyages and explorations facilitated the exchange of goods, technologies, and knowledge between different parts of the world, such as the introduction of corn and potatoes to Europe and European livestock and crops to the Americas.
8. Redefining World Geography: The explorations resulting from the treaty expanded European knowledge of the world's geography and led to the gradual mapping and understanding of the Earth's continents and oceans.
Overall, the unexpected outcomes of the Treaty of Tordesillas reshaped the course of global exploration, colonization, and cultural exchange in significant ways that were not initially anticipated by the Portuguese and Spanish monarchs.