Social unrest: The war had also led to profound changes in European society. The old social order was breaking down, and new ideologies, such as communism and fascism, were gaining popularity. This led to widespread social unrest and violence.
Weak political institutions: Many European nations had weak political institutions that were unable to cope with the challenges of the post-war period. This made it difficult for governments to maintain law and order and to implement policies to address the economic and social problems.
Rise of authoritarianism: In response to the chaos and uncertainty of the post-war period, many Europeans turned to authoritarian leaders who promised to restore order and stability. This led to the rise of authoritarian regimes in Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.