History of Europe

In what ways did the European world view change in 1400s and 1500s?

1. Renaissance Humanism:

- Shift from theological to humanistic concerns.

- Emphasis on classical Greek and Roman literature, art, and culture.

- Appreciation of human potential and the individual.

2. Scientific Revolution:

- Copernicus' heliocentric theory challenged geocentric view.

- Empirical observation, experimentation, and skepticism became norms.

3. Protestant Reformation:

- Rejection of papal authority and Catholic rituals.

- Martin Luther's 95 theses critiqued the sale of indulgences.

- Led to multiple Christian denominations and religious strife.

4. Exploration and Discovery:

- Overseas expeditions by Portuguese, Spanish, French, and English.

- Christopher Columbus reached the Americas (1492).

- Encounter with the New World challenged beliefs about geography and cultural superiority.

5. Rise of Printing and Mass Media:

- Gutenberg's invention of the printing press (c. 1440).

- Mass production of books led to wide dissemination of ideas, knowledge, and culture.

6. Mercantilism and Capitalism:

- Economic theory focused on wealth and power of the state through international trade.

- Accumulation of gold, silver, and resources.

- Transition from feudalism to capitalism began.

7. Rise of Nation States:

- Consolidation of power under central monarchies.

- Nation-building efforts promoted the sense of national identity.