Invasions by outsiders: The Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars took advantage of the chaos in Europe to launch a series of invasions. These invasions caused widespread destruction and loss of life, and they further destabilized the empire.
Economic decline: The constant warfare and invasions disrupted trade and commerce, leading to an economic decline. This made it difficult for people to rebuild their lives after the invasions, and it contributed to the overall sense of instability and uncertainty.
Social unrest: The combination of political instability, economic decline, and invasions caused widespread social unrest. There were revolts and uprisings throughout the empire, and many people lost faith in the government and the Church.
Religious conflicts: The Carolingian Empire was a Christian state, but there were also significant Muslim and Jewish minorities. Relations between these different religious groups were often tense, and there were occasional outbreaks of violence.