2. Promoted Education and Culture. Charlemagne established a court academy at Aachen, where he encouraged the study of the liberal arts and sciences. He also promoted the spread of Christianity and the Latin language throughout Europe.
3. Defended Europe from Invaders. Charlemagne waged a number of successful military campaigns against the Saxons, the Lombards, the Avars, and the Muslims. These victories helped to secure Europe's borders and protect it from foreign invasion.