1. Lack of Enforcement Power: The ICC had limited authority to enforce its regulations. It could investigate complaints, issue cease-and-desist orders, and impose fines but lacked the power to directly enforce compliance. This made it difficult for the ICC to ensure that railroads and other regulated industries adhered to its rules.
2. Political Influence: The ICC faced significant political pressure from powerful railroad companies and other industries it regulated. These industries often lobbied lawmakers and exerted influence to weaken the ICC's authority and prevent it from implementing regulations that could harm their interests.
3. Complexity of the Railroad Industry: The railroad industry was highly complex, with numerous interconnected companies and routes. This complexity made it challenging for the ICC to effectively regulate rates and ensure fair competition among railroads.
4. Judicial Challenges: The ICC's decisions were often challenged in court by regulated companies. These legal challenges could delay or overturn the ICC's regulations and further limited its effectiveness.
5. Evolving Economic Landscape: The economic landscape changed significantly during the ICC's existence, with the rise of new transportation modes like motor vehicles and airlines. The ICC struggled to adapt its regulations to these changing circumstances.
6. Lack of Public Awareness: The ICC's activities and goals were not well understood by the general public. This lack of public support made it difficult for the ICC to gain the political backing necessary for effective enforcement.
As a result of these challenges, the ICC's ability to regulate the railroad industry and promote competition was constrained. This eventually led to its replacement with more modern and effective regulatory frameworks.