In modern times, Switzerland is considered the pioneer of referendums. The referendum system in Switzerland dates back to the 19th century when it was introduced at the cantonal (state) level. The Swiss federal constitution adopted in 1848 included provisions for optional referendums on constitutional amendments and mandatory referendums for changes to the constitution that increased federal power.
Subsequently, other countries adopted the referendum system. In Australia, referendums have been held since the late 19th century, with the first one taking place in 1898 on the issue of federation between the Australian colonies. New Zealand implemented its first referendum in 1893, while Ireland held its first referendum in 1937.
The 20th century saw an expansion of referendums globally. Many European countries, including France, Italy, Denmark, and Norway, introduced referendums as a tool for direct democracy. Referendums were also embraced in countries outside of Europe, such as Canada, Japan, and various Latin American nations.
The use of referendums has continued to evolve in the 21st century. Some countries have expanded the scope of issues that can be decided through referendums, while others have experimented with different models of direct democracy, such as participatory budgeting and citizens' initiatives. Referendums have become instrumental in shaping public policy and have played a significant role in historical events, from the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom to the legalization of same-sex marriage in several countries.
Overall, the history of referendums spans centuries and various cultural and political contexts, highlighting their adaptability as a mechanism for citizen participation and decision-making in modern democratic societies.