1. Lack of Support from the Local Population: Contrary to Brown's beliefs, there was minimal support for the raid among the enslaved population in the area. The enslaved individuals were cautious about participating in an armed rebellion due to the risk of severe repercussions from the pro-slavery authorities.
2. Poor Execution and Strategic Errors: Brown and his followers executed their raid poorly, underestimating the strength of the opposition they would face. They failed to secure the town and were unable to effectively defend themselves when confronted by local militia and U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee.
3. Insufficient Preparations and Resources: Brown's group had limited resources, including a small number of men and insufficient arms, making it challenging for them to overcome the superior forces they encountered.
4. Ineffective Communication and Coordination: The raid was plagued by communication and coordination problems, leading to disarray among Brown's followers and allowing the defense to gain an advantage.
5. Public Perception and Lack of Support: Public opinion in the North, initially favorable to Brown's cause, turned against him as more information about the raid and its violent nature emerged. This erosion of support further undermined the raid's prospects for success.
In conclusion, the raid at Harpers Ferry was ultimately unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including the lack of local support, poor strategic planning, insufficient resources, ineffective communication, and shifting public opinion. While Brown's intentions may have been noble, the raid's execution and external circumstances greatly hindered its chances of success.