1. Military Orientation of the Government:
- Sparta had a dual monarchy, with two kings serving simultaneously as the highest military commanders and religious authorities.
- Below the kings, the five ephors held significant power and oversaw military affairs, making crucial decisions related to war and peace.
2. Agoge Training:
- The renowned Spartan educational system, known as the Agoge, was highly militarized and aimed at producing strong and disciplined soldiers.
- From an early age, Spartan boys underwent rigorous physical and military training, preparing them for future combat.
3. Citizen Soldiers:
- Almost every male Spartan citizen was expected to serve in the military for a significant portion of his life. Military service was seen as an essential duty and a matter of honor.
- Spartan citizens, unlike in other Greek city-states, devoted nearly all their time to military training and warfare, leaving other occupations to the Helots (enslaved people) and Perioeci (non-citizen residents).
4. Social Structure:
- The military structure influenced Spartan society. Citizens were classified into three social groups: homoioi ("equals" or full citizens), hypomeiones ("inferiors" or citizens who did not meet the required standards), and mothakes ("outcasts" who lost their citizenship). Military performance played a significant role in determining an individual's status.
5. Civic Responsibilities:
- Civic duties in Sparta often overlapped with military responsibilities. Military success and prowess were not only indicators of individual prestige but also essential for maintaining the city-state's dominance in ancient Greece.
6. Military Councils:
- Important decisions regarding military matters were made by the Gerousia (the council of elders) and the ephors. These councils deliberated on issues like declaring war, forming alliances, and managing the military.
7. Hoplite Warfare:
- Sparta specialized in hoplite warfare, where heavily armored foot soldiers, known as hoplites, formed tightly packed formations called phalanxes. The strength and discipline of the Spartan army made them formidable opponents on the battlefield.
In summary, the connection between the government and the army in Sparta was profound. The government placed the utmost importance on military excellence, and the education, social structure, and governmental institutions all revolved around preparing and maintaining a powerful military force that ensured Sparta's dominance and prestige throughout ancient Greek history.