The Roman Empire was divided into provinces, each governed by a governor appointed by the emperor. Judaea was initially ruled by a prefect but later came under the rule of a procurator. The Roman administration was responsible for maintaining order and collecting taxes, but the province also had a degree of autonomy, with its own laws and local courts.
The Roman period was a time of great change for Palestine. The Jewish population was divided between those who supported Roman rule and those who opposed it. There were several Jewish revolts against Roman rule, most notably the Great Revolt of 66-73 AD, which resulted in the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.
Despite these challenges, the Roman period also saw a flourishing of Jewish culture and religion. The Talmud, a central text of Jewish law and tradition, was compiled during this period. Christianity also emerged during the Roman period, with Jesus of Nazareth being born and crucified in Palestine.
The Roman Empire eventually divided into the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire. Palestine remained under the control of the Byzantine Empire until it was conquered by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century.