Purpose and reason for institutionalization of change of attendance by Iemitsu Tokugawa

The shogunate side also issued a warning so that the number of people would not increase too much in the Daimyo procession of attendance change and that it would not be too gorgeous. From this, it is probable that the shogunate did not necessarily change attendance for the purpose of preventing rebellion from the financial deterioration of various daimyo.

However, as a result, it put pressure on the finances of various daimyo, and it became a system that played a role in the rule of the Edo Shogunate in 265, and it was decided to continue until deregulation when Perry arrived at the end of the Edo period.

Background of the change of attendance and the speculation of the Shogunate

[ What is the purpose of the change of attendance? ], Most people say [ eh? Isn't it decided to reduce the economic power of the daimyo, that is, to make the daimyo poor? ] I think I will answer.

By the way, I was the same.

However, as mentioned earlier, it is said that this was not always the case because it was written in the Buke Shohatto that the number of people should be reduced and not flashy.

A sentence supporting this was written in the entrance examination question of the University of Tokyo in 1983.

The purpose of the change of attendance was " Daimyo deprivation " due to the problem of the University of Tokyo entrance examination more than 30 years ago. It wasn't, but " results, and I don't think it was the reason why this system was established . Is clearly written.

So what did I learn in junior high and high school?

However, this may be misunderstood not only by us but also by the teachers. We will proceed with this in mind.

It was [Sankin] instead of attending work! ??

The word [覲] is [ visible ] It seems that this is originally correct in the sense of.

Visiting means that one military commander goes to see another military commander. Going to this meeting shows the attitude of obedience, and it is a proof that this behavior follows the other person.

When applied at that time, [see] =[listen] Then, as each daimyo went out to Edo to worship General Tokugawa, the daimyo from all over Japan came to Edo alternately (alternately). It is believed that this became [attendance] because it became the [work] of the daimyo every other year.

The prototype of the visit was Hideyoshi's era, when Ieyasu defeated Hideyoshi in the battle of Komaki and Nagakute, but due to political pressure, he had to go to Osaka to visit Hideyoshi. You all know it well.

Ieyasu did not lose the war, so he established his own position after that, but he went out of his territory to Osaka and said " Thank you " in front of Hideyoshi. In other words, Hideyoshi needed to do the ritual that the Tokugawa family obeyed the Toyotomi family.

In this era, " thanks It is said that he sent troops to Korea because Hideyoshi requested the Kingdom of Korea to come to Japan to thank him, but he did not come. Even when attacking Hojo, he is still attacking because Mr. Hojo does not come up, and the act of expressing the confirmation that he will obey himself is a tribute.

Sankin-kotai system before 1635

Then, [ What is the establishment of the attendance change system in 1635? ], But as mentioned earlier, it is Buke Shohatto . Specified in the amendment of institutionalized about it.

The content is that the Daimyo of the West will attend Edo from the end of March to the beginning of April, and the Daimyo of the East who have been in Edo will take turns returning to Kunimoto and the Daimyo of the East from March to April of the following year. They went up to Edo again, and the daimyo of the west returned to Kunimoto by turns.

This is Iemitsu Tokugawa Described in the Buke Shohatto Sankin-kotai system is.

Before 1635 Each daimyo takes the initiative Go up to Edo visit was doing.

The origin of this was the act of presenting the relatives of the daimyo to Edo.

Todo Takatora in 1596 It was the beginning that he offered his 9-year-old younger brother, Masataka. This behavior was recognized and he became the first feudal lord of the Ise Tsu domain. After Hideyoshi's death, the number of daimyo who sent such hostages to Edo increased, and Hideharu Hori made his child, Toshishige Nagamasa Asano . Sends Nagashige to Edo, Tadaoki Hosokawa Also offered the third son.

Nagamasa Asano The person who was at the center of the Toyotomi administration like this also tried to survive by showing that the Tokugawa family had no hostility by voluntarily submitting hostages.

However, it was the Maeda family in Kaga who was forced to take hostages semi-forcedly.

Toshinaga, who succeeded Toshiie's death, was afraid of rumors of a rebellion and presented his biological mother, Maeda Matsu, to Edo in order to keep his family alive.

In particular, after the Battle of Sekigahara, these movements were expanded to daimyo families nationwide, and one of the five elders, Terumoto Mori, also presented his firstborn to Edo. The shogunate also provided a mansion in the land of Edo in response to the movement of daimyo in various places, and the daimyo built a mansion there.

To get a mansion is [ please come again next year ] Was meant.

I built a mansion in Edo, lived there for a certain period of time, greeted the shogun, and [ you can go back to Kunimoto . I stayed until I was told. This [ visit ] However, as the big daimyo went, it became customary for small and medium-sized daimyo to go to Edo to greet them in order to keep the house alive.

From the above, this attendance was not forced by the shogunate, but rather a spontaneous one in which the daimyo took the initiative to go to Edo. I was on the side of Tokugawa. Headed to Edo to show positively what to say It was.

As the Tokugawa family, I am grateful that the daimyo family came to Edo voluntarily, so when the daimyo came, I was very welcomed and gave the site to the entire city of Edo. As a result, the land of Edo, which was a small castle town, was lined with mansions of various daimyo, and the population increased explosively.

Special measures for change of attendance

1635 At the beginning of the institutionalized change of attendance, not all daimyo families were targeted, and Tozama Daimyo It was just. That is 1642 In addition, the change of attendance was obligatory for Shinpan and Fudai Daimyo.

However, there are exceptions to everything, and the Matsumae domain, which had monopolized exchanges with Ezo, would have a rebellion in Ezo if they went to Edo on a change of attendance. Therefore, the Matsumae domain was supposed to live every 5 years and live in Edo for 4 months.

It seems that the Tsushima feudal clan also had the organization for changing attendance shortened for trade.

Besides, it seems that the period of Higo feudal clan and Fukuoka feudal clan, who served as Nagasaki magistrate, was set to alternately say 100 days. In addition, the feudal lords such as the Mito feudal clan, which are extremely close to Edo, did not change their attendance because there was always a feudal lord in Edo.

In addition, as a special measure, the feudal lord had just taken office, and in the event of an incident such as a rebellion, the change of attendance was sometimes postponed. Fudai Daimyo, who was an official of the shogunate such as Rōjū, also had a job to take charge of the shogunate, so he was exempted from the change of attendance.

Cost of change of attendance

Since each clan was located all over the country, the number of days and expenses to go to Edo by changing attendance varied.

The clan near Edo took only one or two days, but the Satsuma clan and Kumamoto clan in the Kyushu region sometimes took more than two months just to go to Edo.

Change of attendance of the Kaga domain

Let's introduce the Kaga domain's Sankin-kotai route for reference.

The Kaga domain goes to Edo via the Nakasendo via Echigo-Shinano through a highway called the Hokkoku Highway. This route took 14 days from Kanazawa to Edo.

The change of attendance is supposed to go to Edo in April, but if you meet another daimyo, you have to say hello and sudden troubles may not occur, so route check is missing from half a year before departure. I couldn't.

The 14th between Kanazawa and Edo was a process when there were no problems, and this route had many difficult points, and it was often stranded due to the weather.

Daimyo procession

The change of attendance was like the feudal lord's assignment to Edo, and it was a large family accompanied by the elders, their cooks, and doctors. For mid-sized daimyo of about 100,000 stones, a daimyo procession of about 240 people was recommended by the shogunate, but it seems that the feudal lords increased the number of people and performed a grand procession because they wanted to stand out.

In particular, the Kaga domain has 1 million stones, so it is said that about 4000 people went to the Daimyo procession to make it truly the Kaga domain's Daimyo procession. As expected, it seems that 4000 people were unreasonable with vassals and people around them, and half hired a part-time job to form an apparent procession . It is also said that the change of attendance alone is 500 million yen . It is also said that I used.

By the way, while the feudal lord went to Edo, Kunimoto was Jodai priest . The person who is said to have been in the domain reform instead of the feudal lord.

Daimyo procession rules

In dramas and the like, scenes are depicted in which people encounter a dogeza when they encounter a daimyo procession, but in the city of Edo where they frequently encounter a daimyo procession, it seems that the people did not have to do dogeza.

The only ones who can be made dogeza are the Shogunate, Gosanke, and Gosankyo . Only other daimyo say they were only told to be armpit.

There are various rules in the Daimyo procession depending on the clan, and it seems that there were child-like rules such as not to take shortcuts, not to talk, and not to play with women when you arrive at the inn. ..

The fight was particularly severe, and it seems that some samurai were harassed by the defeat of both fights.

Economic effect of change of attendance

The system of change of attendance created a large effective demand in Edo by each daimyo family, which became the driving force of economic development in the Edo period. If there was no change of attendance, the economy would not be circulated in each country and wealth would not be concentrated in Edo.

Prosperity of the post town

With the start of the change of attendance, the post town on the way to Edo by the daimyo has become very busy. In addition, each clan improved the infrastructure such as the construction of highways and bridges for the smooth march of the Daimyo procession.

Reimport of Edo culture

Due to the change of attendance, the culture of Edo spread all over the country by leaving Kunimoto and coming to Edo. In addition, the samurai who came to work in turn gathered in Edo, and the population of Edo has reached over 1 million.

The end of the attendance change system

It has been more than 200 years since the change of attendance was institutionalized by Iemitsu Tokugawa, 1853 . The Black Ships arrived in Uraga, urging Japan to open the country, and the shogunate became confused.

Therefore, from now on, there are opinions that each clan should strengthen its military power and confront other countries, and there is a movement to loosen the change of attendance that was promoting the weakening of its military power. However, if each clan has enough military power to stand up to other countries, it will create an inner enemy for the shogunate.

Therefore, during the Bunkyu Reform, the change of attendance was once every three years, the length of stay in Edo was reduced to 100 days, and the wife and child who were in Edo as hostages were allowed to return to Kunimoto.

However, when the authority of the shogunate was lost due to the defeat of the shogunate army during the second Choshu expedition, the clan that did not change attendance began to appear, and the attendance change system was abolished together with the shogunate with the repatriation of the Taisei Hokan.