This is one of the most compromising cards of the defensive war of 1939. Already in the first days of September, the commander of the submarine ORP Orzeł announced that he needed medical care due to a sudden illness. Instead of fighting the Germans, he went to Estonia, Tallinn. In the meantime, Lieu
For the Soviet Union, the great Patriotic War began at 4 a.m. on June 22, 1941 with a massive attack on the Brest fortress. The Germans hoped that the defenders would fall after 8 hours. They miscalculated. The Soviet soldiers held out for a month! In February 1942, during the Jeliecka operation
Since Pope Urban II announced the crusade to Jerusalem, which would reclaim your tomb from the Gentiles, the idea of Christs knights - fighters fighting and dying for the faith - has begun to sprout. On the Vistula River, however, the crusade movement was not of great importance. The Polish knight
On a sunny day, March 3, 1876, Mrs. Crouch, the wife of a farmer in the Olympia Springs, Kentucky area, and her grandson left the house. According to her later testimony, between 11:00 a.m. and noon, pieces of strange white matter began to rain down from the sky. At first, the boy said it was snow,
On April 6, 1994, a plane was shot down with the President of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyariman, on board. The Tutsi people were accused of the attack. It was a signal to start the unimaginable. With government money, entire containers of machetes were imported from abroad. The slaughter has begun, which t
The figure of Christopher Columbus is associated today mainly with the discovery of America. But just as important is the fact that the arrival of the sailor off the shores of the New World started a shockingly rapid process of ruthlessly decimating the local population. The end of the fifteenth
“The plunder was not over yet when Alaric put on his beautiful robes and sat on the imperial throne. He put a golden crown on his head and took in his hand the Holy Spear with which Christ was pierced, ”wrote the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea. The first Germanic conqueror of Rome firmly
At first, Christians did not attach much importance to the chronology of Jesus life. It was important to believe in his existence and in the words he preached. This is probably why the feasts related to the birth of the Messiah were not celebrated for a long time. On the other hand, the date of Dece
The real name of George Psalmanazar is unknown to this day. He was probably born around 1680 in southern France. He was to be a very gifted child with a special talent for languages, including Latin. He was also extremely curious about the world - and it was precisely this desire to see what was hid
After the death of Józef Piłsudski, there was a discussion about his burial. Everyone was unanimous about the place - the Wawel Royal Castle. After the Popes consent and the settlement of all organizational issues, the Marshals body was laid to rest in the crypt of St. Leonard. Nobody expected a nat
His name appears in the Polish anthem, where he is mentioned as the one who returned by the sea for his motherland of rescue. Stefan Czarniecki permanently sat in the national pantheon as a model of a soldier and patriot. It was not, however, a crystal figure. This great commander also had atrocitie
Meanwhile, the noble margrave Hodo, having gathered the army, attacked Mieszko with him (...). Only my father, Count Zygfryd, a young man at the time and not yet married, rushed to help the margrave (...). When on St. John the Baptist clashed with Mieszko, won at first the victory, but then in a pla
Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, turned out to be a worthy rival of the matricide Nero in the category of killing loved ones. He had a father-in-law, brothers-in-law, nephew, wife and son on his conscience. Not a bad balance for a man whom Eusebius of Caesarea wrote about as havin
The issues of maintaining racial purity and building an ideal society are most often associated with Nazi rule, German concentration camps and the Holocaust. Few people realize, however, that the basics of the so-called Race theory was formulated in the United States of America. When Dr. Mengele
For them, the secret of the correspondence did not exist. They stole diplomatic mail, broke even the most complex security measures, made copies and ... put everything back in its place. They disclosed the content of the most closely guarded documents, but no one ever found their trail. Former emplo
By profession - a paratrooper, cichociemny, by choice - a collaborator. After the successful underground coup on the protector of Bohemia and Moravia, Reinhard Heydrich, he began to rain down. He himself reported to the Gestapo and in exchange for a small sum he directed the Germans to the trail of
During the Polish Peoples Republic, a special counterintelligence group operated in the Ministry of the Interior, whose members entered embassies and consulates to search vaults under cover of night. Although hundreds of thousands of pages of classified documents were leaked by the group, no one fou
Ayrton Senna, the legendary Formula 1 driver, once said that winning second is actually being the first to lose. Because real athletes train to win. They want to go down in history. It is good if in the pursuit of victory one catches good solutions. Worse, if they achieve triumph at the expense of p
In Moscow in 1980, and in Los Angeles - four years later - the Cold War entered the Olympic arenas. Never in the history of the Olympics has politics so strongly left its mark on sports rivalry. Also, politicians decisions have never deprived so many players of the chance to make history. On Oct
World War II is presented as a clash between good and evil. The real story, however, was not black and white at all. War crimes were committed not only by the Axis countries, but also by the Western Allies. In an interview with Piotr Zychowicz, political scientist, prof. John Mearsheimer. Piotr
This was the last major military clash between the United States Army and the Indians of the Great Plains. On December 29, 1890, the whites, concerned about the Spirit Dance religion and the commotion it caused on the reservations, killed over 150 Indians. For much of the United States westward ex
16th century engraving showing how cocoa was harvested in antiquity You know how cocoa was harvested in ancient times ? The operation was anything but easy and effortless, but essential to obtain a precious food, destined to spread all over the world. The cocoa, originally from the Amazon,
Mount Everest Mount Everest is also known as Chomolungma, although it is spelled as Qomolangma. Qomolangma is the local Tibetan name for what we know as Mount Everest. It means Mother of the Gods of the World, which is somewhat similar to the Nepalese name. Sagarmatha, which means goddess of he
A symbol almost as popular as the Eiffel Tower and the black beret. The French themselves proudly repeat its history. Apparently, Napoleons bakers invented it for soldiers - a long and thin meal fits perfectly in a trouser pocket. However, this is only a legend. The truth may not be to the taste of