Vertical integration: He gained control over various aspects of the oil industry, including production, refining, transportation, and marketing, allowing Standard Oil to control the entire process.
Rebates: He secured secret deals with railroads for exclusive shipping rates and rebates, giving Standard Oil a significant cost advantage over competitors.
Predatory pricing: Standard Oil engaged in price wars, selling oil at below-cost prices, until many competitors were forced out of business.
Control over pipelines and transportation: Standard Oil acquired pipelines and railroad companies to ensure control over the transportation and distribution of oil, giving it an advantage over competitors.