1. Urban sprawl:
- Urban sprawl is the dispersion of people and economic activity from central city areas to low-density, automobile-dependent suburbs.
- It is often characterized by the expansion of residential and commercial areas beyond the traditional urban boundaries.
2. Public transportation:
- Public transportation, also known as mass transportation or public transit, is a system of shared transportation that moves large numbers of people within an urban area.
- It includes various modes such as buses, trains, trams, and subways.
- Public transportation reduces the need for individual car ownership and can help alleviate traffic congestion.
3. Smart cities:
- Smart cities use digital technology to improve the quality of life for citizens and enhance the efficiency of city operations.
- They often incorporate technologies like data analytics, sensors, and wireless communication to optimize transportation systems, energy consumption, and public services.
4. Intermodal transportation:
- Intermodal transportation involves using multiple modes of transportation to complete a single journey.
- For example, a person might take a bus to the train station, then take a train to their final destination.
- Intermodal transportation can provide greater convenience and efficiency for travelers.
5. Micromobility:
- Micromobility refers to the use of small, lightweight vehicles such as bicycles, e-scooters, and e-bikes for short-distance travel.
- Micromobility options are becoming increasingly popular as they offer a sustainable and convenient way to get around urban areas.
6. Congestion pricing:
- Congestion pricing is a strategy to reduce traffic congestion by charging a fee for driving in certain areas or during specific times.
- It aims to discourage unnecessary car usage and encourage people to use alternative modes of transportation or travel at less congested times.