1. Laws of Motion: Newton formulated the three laws of motion, which laid the foundation for classical mechanics. These laws describe the relationship between an object's mass, velocity, and force, and explain the behavior of objects under the influence of external forces.
2. Universal Law of Gravitation: Newton developed the theory of universal gravitation, explaining the forces of attraction between objects with mass. This law helped explain the motions of celestial bodies, such as the orbits of planets around the Sun, providing a unified understanding of earthly and celestial phenomena.
3. Calculus: Newton, alongside Gottfried Leibniz, developed the mathematical framework of calculus, which revolutionized the study of mathematics. Calculus provides powerful tools for analyzing continuous change and has applications in various scientific fields, engineering, and economics.