Exercises on Lutheranism

(PUC-PR) At the beginning of the 16th century, the Religious Reform began, with the work of Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk, then in Wittenberg. About the causes of this movement, it is correct to say:

I – The pensioners had the support of the bourgeoisie, willing to establish their capitalist activity to obtain profits, limited by the Church and indicative of sin.

II – A nationalist feeling had arisen in Germany and Northern Europe, and the pope was seen as a foreigner interfering in internal affairs.

III – In matters of religion, sectors of the clergy were abused, with the exploitation of “sacred relics” and the sale of indulgences.

IV – The initial document that triggered the Lutheran Reformation was the Declaration of Augsburg, written by Felipe Melanchton.

V – At the time of the beginning of the Lutheran Reformation it was Pope Julius II, patron of the Renaissance and who interpreted Luther's act of rebellion as a simple quarrel between Augustinians against Dominicans.

They are correct:

1. III, IV and V.
2. I, II and V.
3. Only II and III.
4. Only III and V.
5. Only IV and V.

(UFRN) In the 16th century, a movement of a religious, political and economic nature emerged in Europe that gave rise to the Protestant Reformation, initiated as a reaction:

1. the progress of commercial capitalism, which advocated profit and stimulated the development of mercantile activities, condemned by the Catholic Church.
2. to the crisis of the Catholic Church, which manifested itself through the unruly life, the luxury of the high clergy, the sale of ecclesiastical offices and sacred relics.
3. to Catholic religious theory, which was founded on absolute predestination, salvation by faith, and free examination of the Bible.
4. the strengthening of the absolutist National State whose consolidation represented support for the theory of supremacy and the universalism of papal power.

Read the excerpts below carefully:

“21. The indulgence preachers are wrong when they say that through the pope's indulgences man is freed from all sin and saved."

“27. Men are wrong who say that as soon as the coin is thrown into the box, the soul flies away (from Purgatory).”

“36. Any truly repentant Christian has full remission of punishment and sin; it is owed to you without indulgences.”

“95. Christians must be exhorted to hope to enter heaven more out of true penance than out of an illusory tranquility of mind.”

The above excerpts are part of a representative document of the Protestant Reformation which is:

1. the Augsburg Confession by Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon.
2. The Institution of the Christian Religion, by John Calvin.
3. Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy.
4. Martin Luther's 95 Wittenberg Theses.

Read the text below to answer the following question:

“Luther's commitment to the German socio-economic framework, attracting the support of the nobility (princes), was powerfully reflected in his preaching. The following statements are his own:'The greatest misfortune of the German nation is, without doubt, the trafficking of money [...] The devil invented it, and the Pope, giving him his sanction, did the world an incalculable harm. Foreign trade, which brings goods from Calcutta, India and other places [...] that takes money from the country, should not be allowed. He would have a lot to say about trade unions [...] and there you will only find greed and injustice’.”

Quoted from MOUSNIER, Roland. General history of civilizations, The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. P. 89.

It is possible to perceive by reading the passage above that Luther's preaching was not limited to the religious dimension, generating consequences in the society of the time. Regarding the social impacts of Lutheranism, indicate the alternative that points to an incorrect correlation between social processes and Lutheran doctrine.

1. The Peasant Revolts in Germany in the 16th century.
2. The Peace of Augsburg, whereby any German prince could choose his religion.
3. The expansion of literate education to the lower classes in Germany, resulting from the free interpretation of the Bible translated into German.
4. The holding of the Diet of Worms in which Luther was accepted by the German princes and Charles V as the main religious authority.

Letter C. Statement I is incorrect because of Luther's condemnation of capitalism; IV is incorrect because the Augsburg Declaration was not the document that triggered the Reformation, but Luther's 95 Theses; V is also incorrect because the pope at the time of Luther was not Julius II, but Leo X, who condemned Luther to excommunication.

Letter B. The origin of the Protestant Reformation is linked to the criticism from religious sectors of the power of the high Catholic clergy in Rome and the way in which religious affairs were conducted.

Letter D. The 95 Theses of Wittenberg sharply criticized the position of the Catholic Church, especially the sale of indulgences.

Letter D. At the Diet of Worms, Luther was considered a heretic, but, due to the support of the nobility, he took refuge.