Exercises on Islam

(AV Moreira) “Islam or the Islamic religion is the most recent of the great world religions and was founded by God himself and disseminated by Muhammad ibn Abdalla..., his last messenger, who was born in Mecca, Arabia, at the end of the 6th century AD, around 570 AD. Muhammad was born into one of the main families of the city, being a descendant of Ishmael, who is the son of Abraham and the slave Hagar, who had to go to the desert under pressure from Sarah. Muhammad was orphaned as a child. One of his uncles Abu Talib, took care of him and supported him..."

(Altoé, Adailton. Islam and Muslims. Petrópolis, RJ; Vozes, 2003)

This new religion spreads throughout the region and later reaches the Iberian Peninsula in Europe. About this religion, it is possible to say:

a) Muhammad is considered the last of the messengers, prophets sent by God to immortalize his eternal message to mankind.

b) The word j ihad it is a symbol of the superiority of Islam over other religions.

c) The Hijra is the name given to Muhammad's flight to the Medina, formerly called Mecca.

d) The Caliphs were just the religious leaders of the Islamic Empire.

e) The Suna is the holy book of Islam.

(AOCP Institute – adapted) Fill in the blanks and tick the correct alternative.

Islam has its origins in the ___________ Peninsula, in the city of Mecca, where Muhammad was born, around the year 570. At the time, due to doctrinal rivalries, the founder of this religion had to flee to __________, which would become known as Medina, the city of the Prophet. Islam preaches submission to Allah and is configured as ______________.

There are some divisions and dissidences within this institution, among them are the Shia and ___________ currents. Followers are recommended to respect the five pillars or commandments, namely:faith in a single god; pray five times

per day; contribute with donations; perform ___________ in the month of Ramadan; and pilgrimage to Mecca.

a) Arabic / Yathrib / monotheism / Sunni / fasting

b) Balkan / Tire / Polytheism / Saudis / Baptism

c) Anatolia / Damascus / dualism / jihadists / sacrifice

d) Iberian / Canaan / theocracy / Masdeists / ritual

e) Baltic / Riyadh / deism / Wahhabists / cult

(Cespe) The Arabian Peninsula was unified by Muhammad and his followers in the 7th century. The prophet proposed the creation of a community based on religious adherence, the Umma. In the following centuries, such a community spread towards the east and west of the peninsula. Regarding the expansion of Islam between the 7th and 10th centuries, tick the correct option.

a) The unification of the Arabian Peninsula was hampered by the forces of the Umayyad dynasty, established there.

b) The Grenada caliphate was constantly attacked by Christians, which prevented its strengthening.

c) The Arab troops were well prepared and disciplined, however their westward advance was blocked by Egyptian forces.

d) Conversion to Islam was not imposed on conquered peoples, but those who adhered to the religion gained social and economic benefits, such as tax exemption.

e) The caliphates did not have maritime fleets, which made Islamic expansion across the Mediterranean unfeasible.

(Enem) Then I said:“This is where I will build. Everything can get here via the Euphrates, the Tigris and a network of canals. Only a place like this will sustain the army and the general population.” So he traced and allocated the funds for its construction, and laid the first brick with his own hand, saying, “In the name of God, and in the praise of Him. Build, and may God bless you.”

AL-TABARI, M. A history of the Arab peoples . Sao Paulo:Co. of Letters. 1995 (adapted).

The decision of Caliph Al-Mansur (754-775) to build Baghdad there was guided by the

a) availability of routes and fertile land as a basis for political domination.

b) proximity to populated areas as an affirmation of war superiority.

c) submission to hierarchy and Islamic law as control of royal power.

d) flight from the Arabian Peninsula as a departure from succession conflicts.

e) occupation of border region to contain the Mongol advance.

The prophet of Islam is known in the Portuguese language as Mohammed. Adherents of the religion, in turn, consider this terminology inappropriate and call their prophet:

a) Gabriel

b) Jesus

c) Abu Bakr

d) Muhammad

e) Abdallah

Regarding Ramadan, select the INCORRECT alternative:

a) corresponds to the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.

b) is a holy month and marked by fasts.

c) your observation is one of the five pillars of Islam.

d) at sunset, there is a dinner known as an iftar.

e) everyone must follow it, and there is no justification for not doing so.

Event that marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar:

a) Night of Fate

b) Hijra

c) Birth of the Prophet

d) Death of the Prophet

e) Conquest of Mecca

City that sheltered the prophet of Islam after he fled Mecca:

a) Medina

b) Riad

c) Leuke Kome

d) Hegra

e) Bosra

Which battle marked the end of Islamic expansion across Europe during the High Middle Ages?

a) Battle of Grenada

b) Battle of Poitiers

c) Battle of Barcelona

d) Battle of Acroinus

e) Battle of Toulouse

What was the office of the prophet of Islam before receiving the revelation from Allah?

a) Soldier

b) Tax collector

c) Caravan guide

d) Artisan

e) Farmer

The days of Ramadan end with a celebration known as:

a) Eid al-Fitr

b) Iftar

c) Magrid

d) Fajr

e) Suhur

Which of the following is a pillar of Islam?

a) Visit Mecca obligatorily once every 10 years.

b) Eat whatever you want during Ramadan.

c) Perform zakat, donating 2.5% of their profits to the poor.

d) Pray three times a day towards Jerusalem.

e) None of the above.

LETER A

Muhammad or Muhammad, as he is called by Muslims, is understood to be the great prophet and also the last one who brought the message of Allah. Other prophets mentioned in the Quran are Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus.

LETER A

Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula; Muhammad had to flee from Mecca to Medina, hitherto called Yathrib; Islam is a monotheistic religion; there is a strong division between Shias and Sunnis within Islam; and in Ramadan, fasting must be observed.

LETER D

Muslims conquered a number of territories in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, for example. In these places, they did not prohibit people from having their own religions, but forced them to pay a tax exclusively for non-Muslims. This tax was known as jizia .

LETER A

From the text, we can identify that the factors that led to the construction of Baghdad were:the fertile lands between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the ease of displacement in this place, thanks to the existence of the two rivers.

LETER D

Muhammad is the way Muslims call their prophet. He was born in Mecca in 570 and was known for receiving revelation from Allah when he was meditating in a cave in the desert.

LETTER E

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and fasting takes place from sunrise to sunset. Those who cannot fast, can do so at another time of the year, and those who, for health reasons, cannot observe it, can substitute it for a charity action.

LETER B

The Hijra took place in 622 and was marked by Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina). The escape happened because Muhammad was being persecuted for his preaching, and as he was clanless, his life was at risk in Mecca. This event inaugurated the Islamic calendar.

LETER A

Yathrib , later known as Medina, was the city that sheltered Muhammad after he fled Mecca. Medina's support came about because the city's merchants saw it as a way to weaken Mecca. Subsequently, Muhammad became the great authority of Medina.

LETER B

The Battle of Poitiers, in 732, was the moment when the Islamic advance across the European continent was stopped. In this battle, the Frankish troops were led by Charles Martel, who positioned his troops near Tours and Poitiers. It ended with a crucial Christian victory, and the leader of the Islamic armies, Abd ar-Rahman, was killed in action.

LETER C

Muhammad became known as one of the most honest traders in Mecca and worked mainly as a caravan driver doing business in the Arabian Peninsula.

LETER A

The Eid al-Fitr , known as the “fast-breaking festival”, is the celebration that marks the end of Ramadan. It is characterized by parties that last for three days, considered holidays in several Muslim countries.

LETER C

The z akat it is one of the five pillars of islam and is understood as a religious tribute that states that 2.5% of a Muslim's profits must be donated to charity. This almsgiving must be done annually and is mandatory for all Muslims.