1. Use of Derogatory Language: Procopius frequently employs derogatory language and insults when referring to Justinian. He labels him as "the most contemptible of men," "a worthless and cowardly villain," and "the devil's incarnation." Such language reflects Procopius's deeply negative opinion of the emperor.
2. Exaggeration of Negative Events: Procopius often exaggerates or sensationalizes negative events during Justinian's reign, while downplaying or ignoring positive achievements. For instance, he provides detailed and graphic accounts of Justinian's military failures and administrative shortcomings, but overlooks significant victories and accomplishments.
3. Omission of Positive Information: Procopius selectively omits information that could present Justinian in a more favorable light. He fails to mention, for example, the emperor's substantial building projects, including the construction of the Hagia Sophia, or his efforts to codify Roman law, which would become a foundational text in legal systems for centuries.
4. Highlighting Scandals and Corruption: Procopius extensively covers scandals and allegations of corruption within Justinian's court. He portrays the emperor as weak and easily manipulated by his wife, Empress Theodora, whom he presents as a ruthless and immoral woman. These accounts may contain some truth but are likely exaggerated to discredit Justinian.
5. Praise for Justinian's Enemies: Procopius reserves positive comments for figures opposed to Justinian, such as the rebellious generals Belisarius and Narses. He praises their military prowess and loyalty, casting them in a more favorable light compared to the emperor.
6. Selective Reporting of Historical Events: Procopius chooses to focus on events that support his negative portrayal of Justinian while minimizing or ignoring those that might present the emperor in a more positive light. This selective reporting shapes the reader's perception of Justinian's reign.
Overall, Procopius's bias against Justinian is evident in his use of derogatory language, selective reporting, exaggeration of negative events, and praise for the emperor's enemies. It is important to note that while Procopius's writings provide valuable historical insights, they should be critically analyzed and balanced with other sources to form a comprehensive understanding of Justinian's reign and the events of the time.