Chaiya ancient city

Terrain

General Condition

Ancient Chaiya Community It is the name used to refer to an ancient community located in Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province. It was an important community during the 13th - 18th Buddhist centuries.

Geographical features of Chaiya District The inner part is a high forested area, including the area around Khao Phanom Baek. In the middle is a flat area or a small and large sandbar alternating upland. positioned in the north-south orientation There is a large sandbar located in the middle of the community, 3 km wide, 300 – 400 meters wide, 1-2 meters higher than the surrounding area, namely the area where Wat Wiang, Wat Kaew, Wat Long and Khao Nam Ron are present. Between the plains there were scattered mountains. (Most of these mountains are red sandstone and limestone). Some places of worship are located on them, such as Khao Nam Ron.

The Chaiya community has many canals, the most important of which are Khlong Chaiya, Khlong Takhian, Khlong Tha Pho, and Khlong Phum Riang. These canals flow directly into the sea at the mouth of some canals, there are archaeological evidence such as Laem Pho archaeological site, etc.

from the archaeological survey found many archaeological sites Can be divided according to terrain as follows:

- Community groups on the sandbar It consists of 4 archaeological sites, namely Wat Wiang Archaeological Site, Talad Chaiya Subdistrict, Long Temple Archaeological Site, Talad Chaiya Subdistrict, Wat Kaew Archaeological Site, Lemet Subdistrict, and Ban Hua Khu Archaeological Site, Wiang Subdistrict.

- A small community group on the sandbar It consists of 5 archaeological sites, including Ban Lam Yai Archaeological Site. T. Thung, Archaeological Site of Wat It Thung Subdistrict, Wat Prabap Archaeological Site, Thung Subdistrict, and Thung Subdistrict Archaeological Site, Thung Subdistrict

- Community groups along the river It consists of 7 archaeological sites.

Tha Teen Canal and Khlong Takhian Canal There is an archeological site of Ban Monthon, Pa We Subdistrict.

Along the Tha Pho canal, there is the archaeological site of Wat Mai Chonlatarn. Tambon Chaiya Market

Chaiya Canal There is an archaeological site of Wat Doem Chao. Pawe Subdistrict, Wat Wen Archaeological Site Pawe Subdistrict, Archaeological Site of Wat Si Wiang Pawe Subdistrict, Sala Thung Temple Archaeological Site Talad Chaiya Subdistrict and Wat Phra Borommathat Chaiya Archaeological Site, Wiang Subdistrict

- Community group on the hillside along the river It consists of three archaeological sites, including Khao Phanom Baek Archaeological Site. Khao Phanom Baek Subdistrict, Khao Sai Samor Archaeological Site Wiang Subdistrict and Khao Nam Ron Archaeological Site, Lamed Subdistrict

- coastal community groups It consists of 2 archaeological sites, namely Wat Photharam Archaeological Site and Laem Pho Archaeological Site, Phum Riang Subdistrict (Tharapong Srisuchart, 1999, 2195 – 2218).

Waterway

Chaiya ancient city It is a flat area alternating sandbars with canals flowing through the sea. These canals are Khlong Chaiya, Khlong Tha Pho, Khlong Takhian and Khlong Phum Riang.

Geological conditions

Geological features of Surat Thani It is in the same group as the Eastern Seaboard Plains. with the germination of the land from river sediments The prevailing wind and sea water cause the plains to sink rivers and sand dunes, many of which are new sandbar ridges that were formed during the Holocene about 11,000 years ago (Thailand Archeological Project (Southern) Division, Archeology Division, Fine Arts Department, 1983). ,1-4)

Archaeological Era

era/culture

Archaeological age

Types of archaeological sites

archaeological essence

Historical development of Chaiya town From the discovery of terrazzo ax-type axes in the area of ​​Pak Mak Subdistrict, at the beginning of the Chaiya River, and 1 mahoratuk drum (unable to determine the exact location of the found), causing scholars to assume that the Chaiya ancient community has developed since prehistoric times. in the western forest area After that, it was moved to establish communities along the riverbanks and sandbars near the coast in later times. The community should have developed from the coastal people, namely Area around Laem Pho where evidence of Chinese Tang Dynasty wares found arabic glassware Lots of indigenous earthenware fragments, beads, glass containers, helmsmanship, ships, and many freshwater wells defined the community around the 14th-15th Buddhist century until it became an important port. After that, a community was built around the sandbar area and along the riverbank. This area has become the center of government and religion, namely Sandbar area around Wat Wiang, Wat Kaew, and Long Temple. Evidence that supports the ancient Chaiya community is an important port city. Finding evidence of a large number of foreign antiquities In addition to being a port that connects with foreign communities It was found that Ancient Chaiya Town had a relationship with nearby communities, such as Tha Chana Ancient Community. Phunphin Ancient Community Wiang Sa Ancient Community as well as may be in contact with port cities in the west is the city of Takua Pa, which can use the shortcut route to connect with each other.

in terms of religion Found artifacts built in Buddhism and Brahmanism. During the 10th-13th Buddhist century, Buddha images were found similar to the art of Dvaravati. At the archaeological site of Wat Photharam Wat Wen archaeological site Wat Kaew archaeological site A piece of Dharma Chakra Sila was found at the field archaeological site. The age was around the 12th-13th Buddhist century. In addition, artifacts related to Brahmanism were also found, such as door frames, stone sills, Vishnu Siwa Linh, Yonidrona, Phra Suriyathep, Phra Ganesha, at the archaeological site of Wat Mai Chonlatarn. Wat Phra Borommathat Chaiya, Wat Sala Thueng, Wat Kaew, Wat It, etc., assuming that during the 10th - 13th Buddhist centuries, the Chaiya ancient community held Theravada Buddhism and Brahmanism, both Siva and Vaishnavika.

Later, during the 13th Buddhist century, Mahayana Buddhism has come into play an important role and the highest growth during the 14th-15th Buddhist century, causing Hinduism to gradually reduce its role. Important archaeological sites include the archaeological site of Wat Phra Borommathat Chaiya. Wat Kaew archaeological site Wat Long Archaeological Site Wat Wiang archaeological site, etc., from archaeological evidence, both archaeological sites and a large number of antiquities, showing the prosperity of Chaiya during the 13th-18th Buddhist century, causing scholars to assume that Chaiya may be the center or city that is important. One of the Sriwichai period

Later, during the 16th-17th Buddhist century, the kingdom of the Blessed Link of Nakhon Si Thammarat prospered. Chaiya city has been reduced to the city of Nakhon Si Thammarat. became one of the city's 12 constellations, presumably Ban Thai anchor that uses the monkey seal (year of the monkey) as the city's seal. From the evidence found in Chaiya during the 18th Buddhist century to the early 19th Buddhist century, it is assumed that the Chaiya community came back to prosper again. The artifacts found during this period indicate that the ancient Chaiya community has been in contact with Khmer and Sukhothai Found inscriptions within the ancient community in 3 digits, namely digit 24, 24 ก. and digit 25. It was named as the city of Garhi in the 18th Buddhist century, with the supreme supreme commander of Klanai who had been decreed by Lord Srimath Trilokayaraj Maulibhu, the head of the Karhi country, casting a Buddha image. In this 18th-19th Buddhist century, it was found that some ancient sites have been used to improve the area and adopt Theravada Buddhism instead of Mahayana Buddhism. Later, in the reign of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, 1998, there are evidences of 4 cities under the rule of Ayutthaya in the Malay Peninsula, namely Nakhon Si Thammarat as the capital city, Phatthalung City, Chaiya and Chumphon as the tri-city. At the city of Chaiya, the city governor has the title of Phra Wichit Phakdi Sri Phichai Songkhram, holding 5000 sects, has received a royal command to build a forest as a field, 4 important cities, namely Chaiya, Tha Thong, Mueang Chaikram, and Wiang have been restored. Restoration of Phra Borommathat Chaiya Later, in Thonburi, in the year 1767, Chaiya was attacked by the Burmese army at Pum Riang village. The villagers gathered to fight at Wat Ubon until they were defeated. The position of the governor of Chaiya was therefore vacant. Luang Sitthi Nai Were, Permanent Secretary of Nakhon Si Thammarat (Plat. Nu) set himself independent (Chao Nakhon assembly) organized people to become the governor of Chaiya by setting up a city at Phum Riang Village. Lord of the city by bringing his army to the ship came to rest at the Phum Riang Sea and was able to capture Nakhon Si Thammarat. In the reign of Rama I, 1785, there was a battle of King Padung. Burma's troops invaded the southern provinces. Chaiya city was burned by the Burmese and destroyed a deserted city. until the war calmed the people A new city was built on the banks of the Ban Kradae canal or Kanchanadit District at present. Chaiya was based on Chumphon. including the city of Kanchanadit Mueang Lang Suan and Chumphon There was Phraya Rattana Sethi (Kho Sim Kong, the progenitor of Na Ranong) as the first governor Thesaphiban later in the year 1899 please join the city of Chaiya. Kanchanadit entered the same city. called Chaiya It was the city of Chaiya at Ban Don. In the reign of Rama VI, around 1915 the name of Chaiya City was changed. (Ban Don) is a city in Surat Thani. Changed the name of Chumphon Province to Surat Province in the year 1916. The old city of Chaiya was changed to be called Phum Riang District. and changed from the name of Amphoe Phum Riang back to Chaiya District in the year 1937. Later, in 1926, during the reign of King Rama VII, Surat Province was dissolved into Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. When the change of governance The governance system was therefore cancelled. The government therefore enacted the Act on the Rules of the Kingdom of Siam in 1933, thus Surat Thani had the status of a province.

Chaiya City It is a district of Surat Thani Province. in the south of Thailand

Relevant local legend

Sung Dynasty Archives mention the city of Karahi that it is located in the southern part of Cambodia and is a colony of Srivijaya (Phasuk Intrawut, 2011, page number not listed).

folk tales story about "Father-in-law Padman" said patch the doctor and patch man. Two brothers are Indians. Take a sailing boat to Chaiya town. Landed with his servants at Ban Na Khai at Na Mueang Temple in Lamet Subdistrict Patcho is a master craftsman with knowledge of construction engineering, having his hands and feet cut off when the relics were completed. and could not withstand the venom of the wound, he died The patch had his hands and feet cut off because the city lord did not want Patch Doctor to build another ancient site. When the patch is dead Therefore, the idea was to cast the image of Phra Avalotikaworn as a symbol of his identity. Parman reigned on the island of Phaman and settled until his death. The place where Paman lived was a non-flooding area, surrounded by rice fields, covering an area of ​​1 rai. In the past, it was very privileged. villagers respect The Manorah group travels through and has to perform an offering dance.

Some legends say that the Indians who came to Chaiya at that time had four brothers, namely Pa Mo, Pa Man, Pawe, and Pahum. When the relics were completed His hands were cut off and his feet were cut off and could not stand the venom of the wound, so he died. Other constructions that Patch had built include:Wat Kaew and Wat Long Wat Kaew has a stabbing pattern and a puzzle that “Wat Kaeo Sri Thammasokrat has been built. Dig and shine four feet Stepping on the mouth of Phaniang Thong, whoever thinks of having to eat will never end up eating.”

The place of residence of the patch It is assumed that this is the area of ​​the big Samrong tree next to Wat Wiang. Area where the court is located Considered as a sacred place until now (Pathum Chumphenphan, 1976,20 -21)

Related inscription :

1. Key inscription No. 24 (Sor. 24)

Where to find it :Laying in the area of ​​the Pa Mor Shrine, about 3 cubits north.

Age:1773 B.E. ?

Language :Khmer inscription, Sanskrit language, 2 sides, first side 16 lines

Material made:Carved on slate in the shape of a parapet, width 47 cm., height 181 cm., thickness 14 cm.

Translation:There are 2 expressions

The first idiom is translated by Professor Yacht Seday said:

Sawati

Lord of the city according to the blessing link His conduct was beneficial to Buddhism. He descended from a prosperous family, Pathumwong, was shaped like a Gama Buddha. which is as beautiful as the moon He is wise in science like Phra Thammasokarat is the head of the family.... His name was Sri Thammarat.

Srisawasati

God who rules the city according to the blessing link is a patron of the Pathumwong family His hand is powerful....with the power of merit which He has done to all human beings. His image as the sun the moon and famed glory in all the world His name was Phra Chao Chanthaphanu Srithammarat when the Kaliyuk 4332......... (1773 AD) (The Fine Arts Department, 1986 volumes 4,146)

The second idiom translated by Professor Saeng Monwitoon

Hello, great monk in Tamporn Link. He bestowed the supreme beauty of Indra. His Highness was born for people who had been ruled by low nations to be bright and prosperous. In fact, he is a dharmarat like the moon. sun and cupid with complete intelligence He is supreme over all royal families.

Hello His Majesty Be the big one in following the blessing link. He ruled the Patama family until being called Bhimsen. He was born because of the power of human merit. (It's a human merit to have this king)

His dignity spread throughout the world. เพียงดั่งอานุภาพของพระจันทร์และพระอาทิตย์จึงทรงพระนามาภิไธยราชฐานันดรว่า จันทรภาณุ เป็นธรรมราชาผู้ทรงศิริ

ขออำนวยพร อันเป็นอมตะด้วยความภักดี ซึ่งเหมือนสลักไว้ในแผ่นหิน เมื่อปีกลียุคล่วงแล้วได้ 4332 (ประเสริฐ ณ นคร, 2521,450 – 451)

2.       จารึกหลักที่ 24 (ก) หรือ สฏ. 3

สถานที่พบ :  ปักบริเวณใกล้กำแพงเมือง

อายุสมัย :กำหนดอายุราวพุทธศตวรรษที่ 18

ภาษา :จารึกอักษรขอม ภาษาบาลี มี 1 ด้าน  15 บรรทัด

วัสดุที่ทำ :สลักบนหินชนวน รูปสี่เหลี่ยม ขนาดกว้าง 31 เซนติเมตร สูง 70 เซนติเมตร หนา 12 เซนติเมตร

คำแปล :แปลโดย นายชะเอม แก้วคล้าย

....อีกอย่างหนึ่ง...(ชน) เหล่านั้นผู้มีเครื่องประดับ...(ชน)ทั้งสิบยังวิชา(ให้เกิด)ด้วยเจตนาอันเป็นที่รักต่อพระชินะผู้ประเสริฐในกาลทั้งปวง...ส่วนทั้งห้าเป็นความรู้ของพระผู้เป็นที่รัก ผู้มาสู่สังกัสสนคร....โดยประการทั้งปวง ...ชนทั้งเก้าเหล่านั้นเป็นผู้มีปัญญามีความปราถนาตามวาระ...ทั้งแปด ทั้งสิบเป็นผู้มีศรัทธาตามที่ตนคิดไว้แล้ว...บางครั้ง...ทั้งสิบและทั้งแปด...อีกอย่างหนึ่ง(ชน)ทั้งหลายผู้ชุมนุมกันทั้งห้าสิบห้าคน เป็นผู้เปล่งวาจาแล้ว ย่อมเป็นผู้บริสุทธิ์ ดุจพระผู้บริสุทธิ์ที่หาความเศร้าหมองมิได้....วัตถุทั้งสิบพร้อมภัณฑ์ต่างๆที่มิได้กำหนดเป็นวัตถุจำนวนมากเพื่อทาน...ผู้มีบุญแม้ทำทานทั้งปวงด้วยความเอื้อเฟื้อ ย่อมกล่าวถึงความน่าเคารพของพระศาสดาผู้เป็นธรรมราชา...คณะเหล่านั้น...ผู้คล้อยตามบริษัทได้สดับข่าวพระนาถแล้ว....(ศิลปากร,กรม,2529 เล่ม 4 , 149)

3.       จารึกหลักที่ 25 จารึกบนฐานพระพุทธรูปนาคปรก(สำริด)ปางมารวิชัย

สถานที่พบ :  พบที่วัดเวียง อำเภอไชยา

อายุสมัย :ระบุศักราช พ.ศ.1726

ภาษา :จารึกเป็นภาษาเขมร

วัสดุที่ทำ :จารึกบนฐานพระพุทธรูปนาคปรก(สำริด)ปางมารวิชัย

คำแปล :

“.....ศักราช 1105 เถาะนักษัตร มีพระราชโองการ กัมรเดงอัญมหาราช ศรีมัตไตรโลกยราช เมาลิภูษนวรรมเทวะ ขึ้น 3 ค่ำ เชฏฐมาส (เดือน 7) วันพุทะ ให้มหาเสนาบดีคลาไนผู้รักษาเมืองครหิ อาราธนา มรเตง ศรีญาโน ให้ทำ (พระพุทธรูป) ปฎิมากรนี้สำริดมีน้ำหนัก 1 ภาระ 2 ตุละ ทองคำ (ที่ปิด) มีราคา 10 ตำลึง สถาปนา (พระพุทธรูปนี้) ให้มหาปวงชนผู้ที่มีศรัทธาอนุโมทนาแลบูชานมัสการอยู่ที่นี่ เพื่อจะได้ถึงสรรเพ็ชญาณ...” (ศิลปากร,กรม, 2529 เล่ม 4 ,120)