Yarang ancient city

Terrain

General Condition

Yarang Ancient City is located in Mueang Yarang District. Pattani Province It covers an area of ​​approximately 7.5 kilometers, covering the area of ​​Tambon Krado, Tambon Ra Waeng, Tambon Yarang, Tambon Ban Wat and Tambon Pitumadi. The city's plan is oval in shape, positioned in the north-south direction. From the study, there are many periods of overlapping areas. Within the city, ancient city structures were found such as ditch communities, kandin ditches, ancient monuments, stupa and religious sites, ancient ponds, etc. From the survey, no fewer than 44 mounds of buildings were found, all of which are located on the right bank of the Pattani River. and spread to the east From the study, the ancient monuments can be divided into 3 groups, namely ancient cities, houses of temples. Ban Jale Ancient Town and the ancient city of Ban Prawae The development of the community can be divided into 3 periods as follows:

First moment is the southernmost area called The Ancient City of Ban Wat It is an ancient city with a square plan with a moat measuring 20x30 meters. The soil ditch line is shallow and appears to be a different level area. Within the city, a moat was dug around a rectangular area of ​​various sizes. Looks like small islands connected in groups by connecting with natural waterways. It covers an area of ​​600 rai or approximately 1 square kilometer. Found more than 20 ancient sites

Second period Area around Ban Jale Ancient Town This is probably a community that was extended from the Ban Wat community. It has a square shape town plan. There are ditches around the earth on 3 sides, namely, the north digs deep and narrow ditches. The east relies on natural waterways and the south The east and south are ditches 20 -30 meters wide, connecting to the natural waterways of the Ban Wat archaeological site. Found more than 10 ancient monuments.

Third period is the area around Ban Prawae It is about 300 meters from the ancient moat of Ban Chaler. The town plan is a diamond shape, 470x510 meters, with a ditch (deep and narrow ditch), earthen walls and four corners of the city. L) Length 120 and 130 meters, assumed to be embankments. Found 2 ancient mounds, 5 wells.

The ancient city of Yarang is located on the upper Pattani plain formed by the deposition of the Pattani River. From the study of aerial photographs, it was found that the former Yarang ancient city was flanked by two streams. Which is now seen as the old waterway, which is the old waterway at Ban Don Wai and the old waterway at Ban Panan, which is a branch of the old Pattani River in the east.

In addition, from the study of aerial photographs and geology Found that the ancient city of Yarang was originally located near the coast. The study found that the ancient sea estuary was deeply concave into the land on the west side of the ancient city of Yarang. Found a canal dug in a straight line to the ancient Yarang Sea estuary, connecting to Yarang City. Later, when the sea recedes, together with the deposition of river sediments, the Yarang Sea estuary is shallow. narrows and becomes a waterway The winding Pattani River is difficult to navigate. As a result, the importance of Yarang was reduced to a new community in the delta area of ​​the lower Pattani. Krue Se or Pattani City was formed in the latter part of the 19th Buddhist century.

At present, the ancient Yarang community Located about 15 kilometers from the coast and 5 kilometers from the current Pattani River, ancient monuments are found scattered throughout the fields and groves. The area that was the former Pattani River become traces of old waterways Is it a cow yoke-shaped lake or becomes a swamp? Waterlogged areas and some are used for farming. The river ridge area, which has a higher character than the general area, has become a residential area and fruit orchards (Tiwa Supachanya and Kritsanaphol Wichuphan 1995 :279-292).

Height above mean sea level

Waterway

in the influence area of ​​the Pattani River Basin and the secondary waterway of Ban Don Wai and Ban Panan, which is a branch of the old Pattani River in the east. (Currently, only evidence remains to be seen as an old waterway)

Geological conditions

It is a plain formed by the deposition of sediments of the Pattani River in the Cenozoic era. (Office of Archeology and National Museum No. 10 Songkhla 1998 :13)

Archaeological Era

era/culture

Archaeological age

Mythological age

Scientific age

Types of archaeological sites

archaeological essence

Yarang ancient city It is an ancient city surrounded by a moat. There is an oval layout. It consists of 3 important ancient cities, namely the ancient city of Ban Wat. Ban Jale Ancient Town and the ancient city of Ban Prawae The development of the city assumes that the ancient city of Wat Ban Temple and the ancient city of Ban Ja Le may be the Buddhist center of the city during the 12th Buddhist century, then developed into a center of Mahayana Buddhism in the 14th-16th Buddhist centuries and back. It prospered again during the 19th Buddhist century, as can be seen from the construction of a city with a moat, an earthen ridge and a four-cornered fort at the ancient city of Ban Prawae. And the area was used in this area until the 21st Buddhist century. There is a summary of the essence of the ancient city in the ancient Yarang community as follows:

1.The ancient city of Ban Wat It is located at the southern end of the ancient city of Yarang. It is assumed to be the first community site. The city plan is rectangular in shape. surrounded by ditches (dig a ditch to the level of water retention) and have a high hilly rectangular inner city There are traces of ditches dug around in a rectangular shape, similar in size to small islands connected in groups. These ditches connect natural ditches to the west and watersheds to the south, east and north. More than 20 brick mounds are found in the area of ​​temple houses, divided into areas.

In the city The remains of four brick buildings were found. The city centered on a square-shaped courtyard measuring 150x170 meters, sloping with bricks and zigzag tiles. At present, the excavation is carried out on the island in the middle of the hill, around the brick and tile zigzag area and the excavation of the ancient temple house number 9

- West of the city near the ban wat mosque Togo Cemetery and temple village Found the ruins of 13 brick buildings and 3 large ancient pools.

- Area on the north, west and south of the city Ruins of 11 brick buildings were found scattered alone.

The importance of Ban Wat archaeological sites It is assumed that this is the location of the first community of Yarang City. from the study of art forms In particular, the stupa was found to be similar to the stupa found at Ban Jale, so it is assumed that the stupa is of the same contemporary age, around the 12th-15th Buddhist century.

2. The ancient city of Ban Jale It is located next to the ancient city of Ban Wat to the north. It is assumed that the community was expanded from the Ban Wat community in the beginning. The city plan has a ditch surrounded on three sides:the north is a narrow and deep ditch. The east relies on natural waterways. and south parallel to the geographical direction Important archaeological sites found in the ancient city of Chaler include:

- A group of 5 brick archaeological sites in the city's oval moat. Placed in the north and south, flanked by 2 lines, which are the ancient monuments No. 1, 2, 3 and the ancient monuments No. 8, 9, with the moat of Ban Ja Leh cut through, making it split into 2 areas. At present, the Fine Arts Department has excavated all 3 sites. is the ancient ruins of Jale No. 2, 3 and 8.

- A mound of brick structures spreading on the west side. north west and south west of 6 oval ditches

- A large rectangular ancient pond to the northwest of the oval moat.

- Jale City Embankment on the North, East and South Sides

- Two fort-like structures on the northeastern and southwestern sides of the oval moat.

The importance of the ancient city of Ban Jale Evidence from the excavation of Ban Ja Leh archaeological site Nos. 2, 3 and 8 found that it was an archaeological site built in Mahayana Buddhism, which popularly built a stupa for religious and Buddhist worship. Presumably built from the 12th Buddhist century until the 15th-16th Buddhist century, this temple was restored again. It is considered the oldest stupa in Mahayana Buddhism in Thailand. And it is the source that defines the boundaries of Buddhist places with the oldest moat or hydra sima found in Thailand.

3.Ban Prawae Ancient City (Muang Prawang) Away from the ancient moat of Ban Jale about 300 meters to the north, it is a town with a ditch and earthen walls surrounded on all 4 sides. The ditch reaches the water retention level but looks small. The layout is a rhombus, measuring 470x510 meters. At the four corners is a rectangular embankment that resembles a fort. (Representing protection) On the west side, there is a small water canal connected to the natural waterway that flows from the temple house. On the south side, there is a canal for water dug from the fort to connect with the moat in the northern corner of the ancient city of Yarang.

Groups of important ancient sites within the city were found. Ruins of 2 brick structures and 9 old wells. Evidence from the survey found ancient artifacts that are contemporary to Ban Ja Le and Wat Ban archaeological sites. namely, since the 12th Buddhist century onwards, such as Siwa Lingam, it is assumed that the area may have been in use since the 12th Buddhist century, and evidence has emerged more clearly in the late 19th Buddhist century that the city was built, digging a ditch, making a wall Soil that resembles a fort. Ancient artifacts obtained from excavations found that it may be related to the construction of Pattani City at Ban Krue Se Mueang District until it became Pattani City in the latter days

In addition, in the ancient city of Yarang There are also many artifacts from surveys and found by local people inside and outside the city, such as crushed stone pedestals at Kotokachi abandoned Kotokachi, Yarang district, dated to the 11th-13th Buddhist century, sandstone molds for casting earrings. and the ring around the temple house, 2 Shivallings found around the temple house and the moat in the western part of Prawae, the Buddha statue from Daowadung determines the age of the 13th-14th Buddhist century, the standing Buddha image in the posture of blessing the Buddha's age 13th-15th century, Bronze Surya Buddha at Kuwing House Age period 15-16 Buddhist century, Persian coins, gold coins excavated in a well in front of Wat Sukhawadee. It is a four-footed animal written in Arabic letters that “Malik”, built in the Kalifa Omiya al-Malik period around the year 1228-1248, architectural components such as Kudu or gable glass house facade, pieces. As for the threshold, etc., it supports the assumption that the ancient city of Yarang has been in use since the 12th Buddhist century onwards.

Most of the ancient documents referring to the ancient city of Yarang are those that refer to the city called "Langkasuka or Lang Yachichi" that scholars assumed to be Yarang ancient community Details are as follows:

Chinese documents including

- Liang Shu document or Liang Dynasty history, Royal Hall edition (pay in advance 1180 AD mentioned the kingdom of Lang ya hsiu as being located in the southern seas. It is about 24,000 li from the port city of Kuang-chou, adjacent to the Phan Phan Kingdom. The width of the kingdom was on foot from north to south for 20 days, east to west for 30 days. Both the air and productivity were similar to those of the Funan people. rich with agarwood sulfur and stuff like this tradition here Both men and women were topless. Leaving me behind and wearing cotton, Kan Mak. The king and high officials covered their shoulders with Unchea. Use a gold rope as a belt and wear gold earrings. The women were wrapped around in cotton and jeweled bands. His city was walled around, the city gate had two floors, and there were towers and palaces. when coming out The king sits on an elephant's back, with a flag, a whip and a drum, sits under the tier. The guards were well appointed. The villagers said that his city had been established for more than 400 years, the reigning monarch gradually weakened. But in the royal family there were virtuous people, whom the people approached when the king found out about it and held them in custody. But the check chain broke for no apparent reason. The king believed that this person was a mage, so he did not dare to hurt him, just exiling him. So he fled to India. The king gave his daughter to be married. After that, Lang Yachichi's king died, so the stewards summoned him back as the king. He reigned for about 20 years, and then died. Director Chee Da De (Bhagadatta) therefore reigned in the 14th year of Tian Jian's reign (1058 BC). Later in the year 1166 B.E. 1074 and A.D. 1111, the King sent ambassadors to China again (Winai Pongsripian 2005 :58).

-The book of Bei Four, Sui Su, or the historical record of the Sui dynasty. (approximately 12th Buddhist century), Zhui Tang Su, or records of the Tang Dynasty (about 12th-15th Buddhist centuries), and Intangsu or late Tang Dynasty archives. (around the 15th Buddhist century) shows the location of the city of Langkasuka. Which is the same position as Pattani City today may have territory to Kelantan and Terengganu.

- Chinese documents of the early Song, Yuan and Meng dynasties have mapped and identified Yarang Ancient Town as a town known as Lang Hs i Chia in the Yuan Dynasty documents.

Ma Juan referred to Langkasuka as being located at the latitude of 6 � 54" North.

-Chao ju kua's book Chu fan chin says that in 1768 Langkasuka was one of the 15 cities of San Foshi.

- Zhou Sifei's Ling Wai Da Da document (1721 AD) describes the Kingdom of Langkasuka as “We sailed from Ma Ling to Lang Ya Xiu Kingdom for 6 days and 6 nights, by land. The rulers of this city wrapped silk around their bodies and walked barefoot. The villagers shook their hair, wore silk, local produce of ivory, ramadan, incense and sulfur. Foreign merchants sell liquor, rice, silk threads, ceramics and other items of this kind. Each person weighs the goods and compares them with gold and silver first and then agrees to exchange them. For example, liquor, fruit, 1 Teng equals 1 unit of silver or 1/5 unit of gold, 2 Teng equals to 1 unit of silver, 10 Teng equals to gold. 1 unit. Do this, each year must send a tribute to Sriwichai.”

-แผนที่ Wu pei chih  ทำขึ้นในช่วงพุทธศตวรรษที่ 22 ได้แสดงที่ตั้งของลังกาสุกะตามความทรงจำของเซงโฮที่เดินทางราว พ.ศ.1946–1976 ที่เดินทางไปยังตะวันตกถึง 7 ครั้ง โดยหลังซีเจียหรือหลังยาสิวมีเขตแดนอยู่ใต้จากสงขลาและมีเขตแดนติดกับแม่น้ำปัตตานีทางใต้

เอกสารอินเดีย

จารึกบนผนังกำแพงทางด้านทิศใต้ของวิหารเมืองตันชอร์ กล่าวถึงชัยชนะของพระเจ้าราเชนทรโจฬะที่ 1 (พ.ศ.1555-1587) ต่อเมืองของศรีวิชัย โดยกล่าวถึงเมืองชื่อ  IIangasoka หรือ Langasokam ว่าเป็นรัฐที่ไม่พรั่นพรึ่งต่อการต่อสู้ รบอย่างป่าเถื่อน (Paul Wheatley 1961 :259-260)

เอกสารอาหรับ

ใน The Kitāb al Minhāj al fākhir fi ilm fal bahr al zākhir กล่าวถึงเมืองลังกาสุกะ หรือลุงกาสุกะว่าเป็นดินแดนที่ไกลสุดจากจีน ตั้งอยู่ชายฝั่งทะเลตะวันออกของแผ่นดินใหญ่ของเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้และหันหน้าออกไปสู่ทะเลจีนใต้ บริเวณละติจูดที่  7 ํ 42’’ 50’’

เอกสารชวา

จากวรรณคดี Nagarakrtagama แต่งโดยกวีราชสำนัก ชื่อ Prapanca แต่งในปี พ.ศ.1908 กล่าวถึงเมือง Lengkasuka โดยกล่าวว่า กษัตริย์มะโรงมหาวังสาเมื่อเดินทางมาถึงดินแดนสวยงามและสถานที่ตั้งที่เหมาะสมได้รับสั่งให้สร้างป้อม พระราชวังและท้องพระโรง ตั้งพระนามว่า Lengkasuka โดยกำหนดให้อยู่ในบริเวณถัดจากเมือง Sai   

เอกสารมาลายู

-สเยาะเราห์เมืองปัตตานี แต่งโดย หะยีหวันหะซัน กล่าวถึงพญาตูกูรุปมหาจันทราผู้ครองเมืองโกตามะลิภัย (เมืองลังกาสุกะ) มีโอรสชื่อ พญาอินทิรา เมื่อพญาตูกูรุปมหาจันทราสิ้นพระชนม์ พญาอินทิราได้อพยพไพร่พลมาสร้างเมืองปตานีดารัสซาลาบริเวณสันทรายแม่น้ำปัตตานี

-Sejerah Kerajaan Melayu Pattani หรือตำนานเมืองปัตตานี ฉบับอิมบราฮิม ชูกรี ฉบับเดิมเขียนเป็นภาษามาลายู ตัวอักษรยาวี กล่าวถึงประวัติของเมืองปัตตานี โดยมีเนื้อหากล่าวถึงเมืองที่เกิดก่อนปัตตานี ว่ากษัตริย์ได้แต่งตั้งชาวเมืองบือนังปาดัน ชื่อ ตวนกูลัมมิเด็นเป็นเจ้าเมืองและอพยพเข้าไปตั้งศูนย์กลางอยู่บริเวณเมืองเปราวัณและมอบให้ดาตูปะกาลันดูแลบริเวณเมืองปัตตานี นักวิชาการสันนิษฐานว่าเมืองปาราวัน น่าจะชื่อพระวัง ที่หมายถึงพระราชวัง คือหมู่บ้านประแว ในปัจจุบัน

-Hikayat Pattani :The Story of Pattani ฉบับคัดลอกโดย Abdullah Bin Abdulkadir ทำการลอกในปี ค.ศ.1839 กล่าวถึงเมืองที่เกิดก่อนการสร้างเมืองปัตตานี คือ พื้นที่บริเวณเมืองยะรัง

-ตำนาน Marong Mahawangsa (แต่งราวพุทธศตวรรษที่ 24) ได้กล่าวถึงกษัตริย์ที่ชื่อ มะโรงมหาวังสา เสด็จมายังดินแดนสวยงามและที่ตั้งเหมาะสม ได้สั่งให้สร้างป้อม พระราชวัง และท้องพระโรง เรียก Langkasuka ก่อนจะมีการย้ายเมืองไปสร้างเมืองปัตตานีในสมัยหลัง สันนิษฐานว่าเมือง Langkasuka น่าจะคือเมืองประแวที่สร้างขึ้นในช่วงพุทธศตวรรษที่ 19

จารึกที่พบในเมืองโบราณยะรัง

From excavating and renovating the ancient city of Yarang, inscriptions appeared on the ancient artifacts on the stupa and amulets. It can be divided into 3 types as follows:

1. Antique artifacts of the type of small stupa or stupa made of clay, often appearing inscriptions on the outer and inner bases

2. Ancient artifacts of the stupa type raw clay to make a low relief, divided into 2 types:a single stupa above the inscriptions and three stupa above the inscriptions

3. Antique amulet type Made a low relief image of the Buddha sitting meditating flat above the throne in the middle, flanked by stupa on 2 sides, below with inscriptions

Characters found in Pallava language, Sanskrit language, dated in the 12th Buddhist century, texts appearing include the incantation “Yethamma” which means that any dharma is the birthplace, the Tathagata speaks of the cause and the cessation of suffering. those virtues พระมหาสมณะมีปกติตรัสดังนั้น และ ขสมนาย “นิโรธมารเค” แปลว่าในทางดับ โดยนัย(แห่งพระดำรัส) มีความหมายเน้นข้อหลักธรรม which leads to liberation with the intention to show that the deceased Thera ดำเนินไปในทางแห่งความดับทุกข์ (ก่องแก้ว วีระประจักษ์ 2533 :35-50)