Ancient history

Medieval British History <~ Norman Dynasty Established> [History of Each Country]

The second history of medieval European countries! Let's take a look at the history of England.

The beginning of British feudal society is William I Norman by the conquest of It starts from. Since the dynasty began by requisitioning the indigenous Anglo-Saxon aristocratic land, a system with strong kingship from the beginning compared to other European countries including the Holy Roman Empire was.

That Norman Was cut off in less than 100 years, and due to blood relations, the count of Anjou, a vassal of the French royal family, Henry II By Plantagenet Morning Will begin. This Plantagenet Morning In Parliamentary Politics Base has been established.

This time, we will look at the establishment of the Norman dynasty among the successive dynasties of England.

Points to note before studying British history! !!

British history studied in high school is mainly English history is. Other Scotland And Wales , Ireland Has a different history and culture.

In Japan today, Great Britain and the Federation of Northern Ireland That is the official name of England.

A brief history of England before the Norman dynasty

Roman Empire in 55 BC Julius Caesar Is the plains of southern England, Britannia Invaded. It was not under full control at this time, but in 43 years later it was a Roman province . It has become.

Eventually, when the Roman Empire declined and Britannia was abandoned, the Germanic Anglo-Saxon, Jutes sect. (The land where the Celtic Britons, who originally lived in Britannia, were oppressed and migrated to the continent is called "Brittany").

The migrant Anglo-Saxons conquered the Celts to form a group of about 20 small nations, and then by the end of the 6th century the seven kingdoms . Was integrated up to. In this way, assimilation with Celtic clans will proceed.

* Wales, Scotland, Ireland Until then, the Germanic people did not penetrate and the Celts were driven out of England. Since then, Celtic nations have continued in various parts of the country, and each has its own history.

Eventually, in the 9th and 11th centuries, the second migration of ethnic groups began in Western Europe, and Danes in England. (Northern Germanic, Norman It begins to be plagued by piracy.

It became necessary to unite in the Seven Kingdoms to counter the Danes. Because Egbert Was the first to take the lead and unify in a loose manner, but it didn't last long.

This Egbert Grandson Wessex Morning Alfred the Great And even a deal with the Danes Christianity I managed to maintain independence by preaching and trying to reconcile. .. ..

What happened to England in the early Middle Ages? ??

At the end of the 10th century, Kingdom of Denmark was more than just piracy. It will turn into a systematic attack based on.

↑ The locations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark on the map are current.

And in 1016, England finally became Prince of Denmark Knut . Has been conquered by. This Knut Enthroned King of England, Dane Has been established.

In the next chapter, we will summarize the history of the conquest and collapse of England by this Knut.

Learn more about Knut's conquest of England

Let's go back to the time when Knut's father Sven was active to find out how he came to conquer England. England at that time was seven kingdoms due to numerous invasions. Of Alfred the Great Wessex by genealogy of Only was the only survivor.

Wessex Morning King of Ezelred II Has been plagued by Danish invasion of England ever since he took the throne at the age of 10 in 978.

Wessex for Danish invasion Other areas are also in trouble, and Danelaw was taken during the time of Alfred the Great. Not only West Francia Is a Norman Lolo at the end of the 9th century Duchy of Normandy sealed in Something is the cause of the birth.

I want to read it together

Let's take a look at the activities of the Vikings

I wanted to get into British history, but before I talk about British history, Viking is indispensable. It is a story about aggression by. The activities of the Vikings have had a great influence on the history of Europe other than England, so I will summarize them.

This Duchy of Normandy Is Great Britain Located near the Strait of Dover , which is the closest distance between England and France, about 34 km. There is more distance, but it is easier to come and go.

If you are based here, you may be caught and shot, and you will be in a very bad situation.

So, Ezelred II His Duke of Normandy's daughter , partly because his first wife had died. Second marriage with Emma. Build friendship with the Duchy of Normandy and cut off the worries of your patronage I decided.

In addition, Ezel Red II He slaughtered the Danes in the country for fear of responding to the invaders, but this event gave an excuse for Denmark's invasion of England.

Eventually, the invasion intensified and King of Denmark Sweyn I Ezel Red because he was robbed of the throne Is nicknamed "King of Thought" and "King of Thought".

In addition, Ezelred II due to the intensity of the invasion by Denmark. Is his little son, Edward Exile his children, including Normandy , where his wife's parents are. I am letting you.

However, Sweyn I Died the year after he took his throne.

Sven because he died suddenly while he was not in full control of southern England. Son Knut Is not on the throne, Ezelred II Succeeded in returning to England and returning again.

* As a matter of course, Knut inherits his father's policy of advancing to England.

Ezel Red II He is said to be a reckless king, but he regains the robbed dynasty and orders one-third of the church's tithe to help the poor. .. .. Actually, when I did it, I was a person who did it, so recently it has been re-evaluated.

Such Ezel Red II He also died two years after his coronation. After that, it was Ezelred II who took the throne. Edmund II , the child of his first wife It was the king. It was strong enough to be nicknamed this king, "Goyuou".

Of course, Danish Knut He was also quite strong and repeated good games, fighting back and forth. Meanwhile, Edmund in the battle of Ashingdon where they collided. Will suffer a decisive defeat.

Still, I managed to reach peace negotiations instead of unilateral occupation.

As a result of making these promises, he died earlier (although there is an assassination theory) Edmund II . Territory is Knut Knut Became King of England.

To justify the rule of England, Duke of Normandy My wife is Emma, ​​the second wife of Ezelred, who has already died.

Thus Knut North Sea Empire including parts of Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, etc. Created and ruled. But Knut His death puts him in a slightly confusing situation over his successor.

The collapse of the North Sea Empire

Knut Was originally Harthacnut I was trying to put him on the throne. .. ..

Knut Harthacnut is attacked by Norway and Sweden, who did not like the rule of Denmark due to his death. Could not enter the site.

Harthacnuts that couldn't really rule there It was his half-brother Harold Harefoot who first took the regent position and later became the king after being pushed by the influential people of England. was.

Harthacnut because he took over his throne in the turmoil and took the throne until his death. Is Harold I will start to grudge.

Harold Harefoot Harthacnut when he dies Finally succeeded to the throne, but Harold Harefoot Harold even when he has no children I couldn't let my son succeed to the throne.

Half-brother Edward the Confessor Edward so that he can give up his position to Is brought back from his exile in Normandy and is in condominium.

Knut Harthacnut just seven years after his death Died, and the empire collapsed. Harthacnut As you might expect, Edward the Confessor Will be on the throne.

However, this Edward .. He is a monk from the ground up and is not suitable for fighting or governing. He favors the Normandy aristocrats in exile.

Edwin for this situation Is his father-in-law Earl of Wessex Godwin Will lead to conflicts with other aristocrats, including Godwin . Has been forced into exile from England.

Why did Edward give preferential treatment to Normandy aristocrats?

Edward Is Sven He spent more than 25 years with Normandy monks since his exile during the invasion of England by, and was greatly influenced by his personality formation. Edward The title of "King of Repentance" is a synonym given to him because he did not succumb to persecution and had a deep faith.

Still Edward Is a person who can become King Wessex. It was natural for him to be deprived of the country by the Danes and to regain the throne. Harold Harefoot with his younger brother His younger brother Godwin attempted to invade England under his reign. Have been captured by.

Godwin Is Edward His wife's father, who later got married three years after his coronation ... Edward A person who will be a father-in-law for him ( Godwin at that time Is the King Harold Harefoot I was on the side).

That Godwin By his younger brother Harold Harefoot When handed over to, he was blinded and died as it was due to the wound.

I'm not sure if I was involved in the blinded part, but Edward It was no wonder that there was a discrepancy in the relationship with.

Despite these conflicts, Godwin Was a leading figure in England, so Edward the Confessor Had to ask for help by making his daughter a wife.

Anyone who could divide this would have been successful in governance, but instead of working with his father-in-law to solidify his power base, he went in the direction of attracting aristocrats from Normandy.

Also, Edward the Confessor He was also a solemn doctrinal person, so as long as he was an aristocrat, he married but never had children. As long as it was a form-only marriage, it naturally did not lead to the recovery of the relationship.

The decisive relationship between the two was Edward the Confessor in 1051. Count Boulogne Eustace II based in France with his sister's remarriage partner (sister himself died in 1047 or 49) And his father-in-law Godwin It is a conflict with.

Eustas II Was killed in his vassal when he stayed in Count Godwin.

At this time Edward Will follow his brother-in-law with the nobles of Mercia and Northumbria. Godwin As a local Wessex power, he was not afraid of the continental powers.

However, at this point, the Confessor is in an advantageous position. After all, Godwin The family escaped England and went into exile. Edward Queen Edith is also imprisoned in the monastery.

For this reason, we had no choice but to deepen our relationship with Normandy and suppress the local forces.

Then Edward the Confessor With the death of his mother, Emma, ​​who was one of the most prominent supporters of the world, the local aristocrats became uncontrollable. Godwin from asylum They formed an army and invaded England. With peace, Edward's supporters were forced to fall.

Still, about 14 years after Emma's death, Edward He reigns as a king, but dies without leaving a foundation on which to ensure the Anglo-Saxon dynasty. Godwin Son Harold Godwinson Will be calling the King of England.

Edward Is a political enemy Godwin He couldn't think of the throne, and he was originally his nephew (son of Edmund Ironside) Edward the Exile . To succeed. .. .. I thought, but he has already died. That his son Edgar Was young, so Harold Godwinson Was recognized by the King of England and his surroundings.

It was King of Norway Halal who invaded England by seeing this mess as an opportunity. was.

Harold Godwinson Although he managed to defeat Norway, it was Duke of Normandy who invaded England with the opportunity. William is.

The establishment of the Norman dynasty

Under Harold's reign,

"I was nominated to succeed to the throne during the exile of the former king."

William invaded England with a large army with the cause of Is Edward It is a person who is a distant relative of. Edward was getting along with him during his exile from his mother's edge to Normandy.

He leads the knight army Harold Godwinson Is defeated in the Battle of Hastings, William I As the coronation in 1066. He will open the Norman dynasty.

Norman Conquest this series of conquest activities We call it (Norman Conquest).

The rebellion by Anglo-Saxon aristocrats will continue for a while, but if it is suppressed, the feudal system that was common in France, partly because it was originally from Normandy. Was introduced and the rule was promoted.

With this kind of "government by aggression," you had a much stronger kingship than other European countries. I think this is a major feature of the British dynasty.

In the next world history, we will see what kind of dynasty the actual Norman dynasty was.