Franks Clovis Merovingian dynasty However, as a result of the Germanic custom of split inheritance and the gradual loss of power, the Frank Kingdom Mayor of the Palace Gave strength.
Merovingian Mayor of the Palace Became Pepin the Short The Carolingian dynasty began with the consent of the church and the deprivation of the throne (although it was elected). is. This time Carolingian Dynasty I would like to summarize in detail about.
Donation of Pepin (756)
Pepin the Short I will omit the details of how he came to the throne in the Merovingian reign, but this Pepin the Short Pope Zakarias when he becomes king Donation of Pepin in return for the consent of It is called.
At that time, Roman Church Lombards in Italy (With Lombardy) Kingdom There was a country called.
Lombards Is Donation of Pepin Built a heyday a few years ago, Roman Church Also influenced the Byzantine Empire Is being expelled from the Italian peninsula.
Roman Church while there are some forces Was not damaged, but if it becomes one, Roman Church However, it was inevitable that the trend would be to put it under the control of that force.
But that doesn't mean that the Roman Church is
- Christianity Byzantine Empire in one of the same five mountains that are hostile over the top of the Constantinople Church based in the capital of Was under the patronage
- Icon Ban in 726 Was out
Because of the Byzantine Empire I can't rely on. So Rome =Christ Church Relied on Frank Kingdom as a measure against the Kingdom of the Lombards was.
Pepin the Short Is Lombards Roman Church just to attack I was able to sell my favor to Lombards later. You can be as vigilant as you are.
In addition, the Frank Kingdom tends to value tradition. Pepin the Short with the reason that the aristocrat of the dynasty "has taken the former dynasty" The possibility of trying to turn it over cannot be ruled out. Just in case Roman Church There was a desire to strengthen the relationship with and suppress the dissatisfaction factor.
For that reason, he presented the Ravenna pentapolis region of the Lombards, which he had acquired in two Italian expeditions, to the Pope.
The heyday of the Carolingian Dynasty, the reign of Charlemagne (768-814)
Father Pepin the Short When he donated the Papal States, his sons also performed a ceremony to become King of the Frankish Kingdom. Thus my son's curl And Carlman Was nominated to succeed him.
Of which Karlman Died a few years after his father's death, and Karl because Karlman's wife and son went into exile in his wife's parents' home, Lombards. Inheriting his relics and alone Frank Kingdom To unify.
After all, curl He ruled alone for a long reign of 46 years, during which he has conducted 53 military expeditions. Saxony Avars of Asian nomads Repel. .. .. Finally the territory Byzantine Empire We are growing to the same level as.
It was the Roman Church that took notice of this. .. curl Father Pepin the Short There is a connection even in the generation of Roman Church As Constantinople Church Is Byzantine Empire I wanted to establish a relationship with somewhere in Western Europe that would have been a patron.
On the contrary, Frank Kingdom The side is curl Roman Church because the territory was expanding more rapidly in the generation of the Catholic Church, and it became necessary to put it together more than ever. It was also an effective way to strengthen the relationship with.
Donation of Constantine
Originally in Christendom, Roman Church Was advancing like the top, but Western Roman Empire Constantinople Church Has come to claim that he is the top on the basis of "the existence of the Roman emperor".
Roman Church Was originally the "capital of the Roman Empire" as the basis for its predominance, and in Western Europe under the influence of the Roman Church, the heretical Arian I have many Germanic people who believe in.
On top of that, the Byzantine Empire Is icon ban The power relationship within the church was beginning to collapse, partly because of the issue. I want to stay on top as before Roman Church Is Roman emperor I came up with the idea of making ...
In fact, there was no precedent for the church to decide on an emperor during the Roman Empire, and it was a dead end.
What came out in such a situation was " Constantine's donation letter . "is.
The document that was the basis for the church's coronation to the emperor turned out to be a forged document in posterity ... It is because of this fake document that Roman German Christianity in medieval Europe> A cultural area that was fused with the above was created.
Who is Constantine?
Roman Empire The person who became emperor in 306-337 was Constantine is. The Roman Empire was messed up after the death of Emperor Diocletian (284-305), who reigned over the four emperors. Is summarized again.
Constantine He is the first Roman emperor to believe in Christianity. In addition, he was one of the most important figures in the history of Christianity because he recognized Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire when he put the country together, and he is still a major sect and saint . It is certified.
From Constantine the Great (wikipedia)
What is the content of the Donation of Constantine? ??
It is a document that says, "I'm baptized by the Pope and healed my illness (leprosy), so I'll give it to the west as a thank you. I'm going to Constantinople in the east."
This means, "I entrust the rule of the western half of the Roman Empire to the Bishop of Rome and his successors."
Constantine is alive. .. .. It is said that "the Pope appointed a ruler instead" because Pope Sylvester I, who was the Pope at the time the document was written, abandoned the crown of the emperor.
So this document is
- It's not strange that the Pope "appoints an emperor".
- "Secular power, the emperor <<
In this way, the grounds for the emperor's coronation were also created, and the 800-year Karl's coronation Will lead to. Formally, the Western Roman Empire Has been resurrected.
Naturally, the original Byzantine Empire Is Charlemagne Did not allow the coronation.
curl Islamic Abbasid adjacent to the Byzantine Empire in the eastern powers It is probably because I was conscious of that that I exchanged envoys with and built a friendly relationship.
Finally, in 812, with the consent of the Byzantine Emperor, the emperorship of Western Europe was assured.
By the way, it was during the Renaissance (around the 15th century) when Latin research progressed that I began to suspect that it was a forged document. Since it was discovered that the document was supposed to be made around the 4th century but uses a grammar different from the grammar at that time, it had to be discussed and finally found out until the 18th century. ..
Unification of Western Europe
Thus curl Has been crowned Charlemagne It has expanded its power to the extent that it is called with honorific title, and has come to rule a very wide territory.
Naturally, we will devise ways to govern.
- Set a division for every tens of thousands of people
- Count under the direct control of the king from among the influential people and vassals of the region Appoint (Graf)
- Count Is in charge of both military and political
- Forbid hereditary because it is troublesome to be indigenous and have power
- Temporary patrol messenger Dispatched Haku Directed
- Margrave of Spain is located on the Iberian Peninsula, which is strongly influenced by Islam.
We are trying to create such a system and make it a centralized system.
However, even with such a system, the Germanic peoples had customary law for each tribe and could not be completely suppressed. Frank Kingdom with each tribe still independent The tribe will be incorporated into.
Therefore, Charlemagne Couldn't stay in one place and constantly moved around the territory. Count And Charlemagne , I needed to confirm my personal connection. .. ..
This "personal relationship" has been a bottleneck since his son's generation.
The division and destruction of the Carolingian family after the sons of Charlemagne
Merovingian dynasty But it was a divide and rule that became a bottleneck, but Charlemagne It was the same in the times of.
Charlemagne It seems that he had multiple wives and about 20 children, but most of them are premature.
Although Karl (King Frank and Little Karl) and Pepin (King of Italy) were once the target of inheritance, Charlemagne Died before his death, so Louis the Pious Is inherited alone.
Louis the Pious In addition to Rotar Pippin Ludwig's three sons, he had a youngest brother, Charles, who was born between him and his second brother. Is inviting.
In this turmoil Pippin and his father Louis the Pious Died first, after Ludwig and Charles joined forces to fight against his eldest brother Rotar, in 843 the Treaty of Verdun Tie
- Rotar:Throne and Middle Francia and Northern Italy
- Ludwig:East Francia
- Charles:West Francia
It was divided into. When Rotar died, a battle broke out between Rotar's child and Ludwig Charles. Treaty of Meerssen in 870 The Middle Francia is divided and annexed to the East-West Frankish Kingdom, except for Northern Italy.
Thus, finally Kingdom of France , Holy Roman Empire , Kingdom of Italy It was decided to divide into.