Crusaders' expedition Holy Roman Empire that has appeared many times in .. If you look into the Crusaders and medieval Europe, you will see many references to the relationship between the Roman Church and the Holy Roman Empire.
This time Holy Roman Empire Lombard League to counter the policies of the Holy Roman Empire We will explore the Northern Italian Cities Alliance called.
A brief summary of the Holy Roman Empire
From wikipedia Holy Roman Empire
It is a country that existed in the region centered on Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, and northern Italy.
962 * 1, King of East Francia of the Saxony family * 2, Otto I From the Pope Roman Emperor Holy Roman Empire that began with being given the rank of .. As the name of Rome, it means "the successor to the Roman Empire".
* 1. There is also a theory that the crowning of King Charles I (Carolingian) of the Frankish Kingdom in 800 began. The 800-year theory is common in Germany, and the 962 theory is common in Japan. The Emperor of the Byzantine Empire did not recognize Charles I, so even though he was a "Roman emperor", he could only recognize the west.
* 2. Saxony family … The Saxons, a tribe of the Germanic who landed in England, expanded their power to the Rhine, but surrendered to the Frankish kingdom. The leader of the Saxony at that time is the Duchy of Saxony.
Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire
To talk about the Holy Roman Empire, we have to mention the Roman Empire and the church.
The Roman Empire ... Christianity was officially recognized in Rome at the end of the imperial era, and eventually became a state religion.
For the Christian church these days
- Rome
- Constantinople
- Antioch
- Jerusalem
- Alexandria
Five leading churches ( Gohonzan )had. Of these, the Roman Church was the most influential as the "capital of the empire". is.
However, the Roman Empire eventually split, and the Western Roman Empire was destroyed . To do.
Western Roman Empire After the fall, the crown of the Western Roman Empire had no heirs, and the Roman Church had no asylum . Byzantine Empire ( Byzantine Empire ) Has been inherited by the emperor for generations and is Constantinople Church as "the heir to the Roman Empire" Denies the leadership of the Roman Church I came to do it.
In addition, the subtle relationship is the 726 Icon Ban . The relationship has become more and more delicate since it was issued.
In 800, a new Roman emperor in the west Byzantine Empire when Is the time when the Empress ruled the country, which the Roman Church did not recognize. Visants Empire It seems that the disapproval of the Empress was necessary for the West to claim to be a "legitimate Roman successor."
That's why the Frank Kingdom has the most momentum in the Western European world. King Frank Charles I who built the heyday of Was awarded the crown by the Pope Roman Emperor (There is also a theory that this is the "establishment of the Holy Roman Empire").
Charles I Is the king of the "Ancient Rome", "Christianity" and "Germanic" cultures, and is the Byzantine Empire . We will create a powerful country that is on par with.
Charles I who was said to be the "Great Emperor" with great achievements However, after his death, an inheritance dispute arose in the Frankish kingdom and it split into three (the prototypes of France, Germany, and Italy, respectively). The title of the Roman emperor has become a mere corpse, and the west is unable to show the authority of the Roman emperor ..
The person who revived this corpse of the emperor is King East Francia Otto Issei is.
Since the coronation of Otto the Great, East Francia has been Holy Roman Empire Will be called.
Holy Roman Empire and Rome =Christ Church
The reason why the Roman Church was crowned as the Roman emperor is that as the East-West Church became dissatisfied, it needed a country to support the West. Military power is also needed to be able to be the backing.
The knight class is the cornerstone of the military power of medieval European society. The princes are in control of the knight class. The representative of the lords is the king It is a relationship. The Roman Church did not have a large army and had to be protected by kings and princes. It makes sense for the church.
On the contrary, from the standpoint of the king, the treatment of the "king" at that time was representative of the princes . Since it was only about the same, it had little influence on the lords, and there were circumstances such as "I couldn't hear what I said." Once crowned by the Roman Church, you will be able to use the majesty of the church.
- Roman Church :To be assisted by military power
- Emperor :To be the backing to bring the lords together
The result of establishing a win-win relationship with each other is Holy Roman It was a country that was deeply connected to the Roman Church. They were indispensable to each other.
What is the reason for the deterioration of relations in the Roman Church?
On the other hand, the conflict is deepening because of the deep connection.
Each lord has a church * in his territory. The power of the church was indispensable to strengthen its influence on the princes. So, Otto the Great Domestic appointment and dismissal of clergy (Right to appoint or quit) [ Investiture] Hold on. This policy is Imperial Church Policy Was called.
Otto the Great , sometimes making donations to the church, using the part where the corruption of the clergy began after the Frankish kingdom split and began to lose its backing. Will continue to dominate the Holy Roman Empire.
* For the territories of the princes, see "Establishment of a feudal society and the authority of the church in medieval Western Europe".
Roman Church is in trouble if you do that. .. Key to protection ・ Holy Roman Empire Instead of losing influence on the Pope, it begins to influence the election of the Pope.
As a countermeasure, the Roman Church has done education of clergy . is. It is a place to educate priests to prevent bribes in advance by education. Monastery Was made.
At the same time, the church side began to move to regain investiture, and there was a investiture struggle between the Holy Roman Empire and the church. Will occur. As a result, in 1077, the Holy Roman Emperor Heilinghi IV Is Pope Gregory VII Excommunication from Christianity and begging for forgiveness in Canossa, Italy ( Canossa's humiliation ) Developed.
Thus the Roman Church regained its influence.
What is the Italian policy?
Italian Campaign Was done around the 10th-12th centuries
Expedition to Italy and political bargaining by the Holy Roman Empire
It refers to.
Holy Roman Emperor Italian Campaign because "It is strange that Rome is not in the territory even though it claims to be Rome" I went to.
Kingdom of Italy has the real advantage of being home to the Roman Church, which is the hump above you, and having well-developed water transport facing the Mediterranean Sea. The move to bring it under control is Holy Roman Empire It seems that it was a natural flow for me.
From the past to the present, water and sea shipping are very important means of transportation that can carry large quantities of goods.
Formed to counter the Holy Roman Emperor !? What is the Lombard League?
In Italy, where the Holy Roman Emperor is being attacked, there are two main groups of ideas.
- Emperor :Let's go down to the Holy Roman Empire if we can attack many times like this
- Popery :The relationship between the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor is delicate, so let's protect Italy without falling under control!
Lombard League Is papal out of that idea It is an alliance of leading cities that became the center of. To counter the Holy Roman Emperor I struggled with.
Learn more about the Lombard League!
Lombardy Is the name of the region in Northern Italy. Due to the conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the church, we have formed two alliances with the support of the Pope.
The first time was the time of Frederick I , the Holy Roman Emperor who made five Italian expeditions. .. Milan as the Holy Roman Empire's influence on Italy grows day by day And Venice , Genoa It was formed in 1167 among multiple cities.
Initially there were only 16 cities, but it has increased to 31. It seems that they had formed an alliance for almost 20 years.
In 1183, nearly 20 years after the alliance,
I am letting you.
The next alliance was with Frederick I's grandson, Frederick II . Under the reign of. These days are just the time of the 5th Crusade Expedition It corresponds to.
* The 5th Crusade was the last Crusade to be called by the Pope, and in the first half when Frederick II did not participate and in the second half when Frederick II started his expedition when the Egyptian dynasty was in a state of internal conflict. It can be roughly divided.
Frederick II Is Italian Campaign It was said that the confrontation with the Pope in Japan could be negotiated with the Crusaders, but at that time the Pope was a super-hard hawk.
He excommunicated Christianity because of a plague epidemic in the Fifth Crusade, which was requested by the Fifth Crusade. (The main reason is that Sicily, which was under Frederick II's rule at this time, began to interfere with the power of the Pope).
After all, Frederick II tries to join the Crusaders again in a state of excommunication ...
Due to the Crusades, which was originally conceived by the Pope, some princes could not keep up with Friedrich in excommunication. It is unfortunate to go on an expedition in that state. .. .. For that reason, it was the second Lombard League to send troops (to Italy) to recruit Italian princes to the Crusaders in preparation for the Crusaders. It is the trigger of.
At the beginning, the Lombard League was militarily defeated, but Milan was tenacious and managed to win. As a result, in the end
about it.
Although the alliance was originally established for military purposes, it also included a port town in Italy and a city with a thriving handicraft and financial industry in the north, which strengthened its economic ties.
The Hanseatic League of Northern German cities , which was the center of the "Northern European Commercial Zone" that traded through the North Sea and the Baltic Sea on the north side of Europe. And Lombard League Seems to have interacted through a city in southern Germany.