From the Crusades (wikipedia)
The Crusaders as a result of the increased authority of the church in the feudal society leading to political power. I have reached the point of dispatching. We will explore why the church made a tough move until it sent the Crusades, why the emperors and kings agreed with it, what influence it had, and what kind of society it later became.
Let's take a look at the situation in the Christian area and the situation in neighboring countries
The European range mainly refers to the northwestern peninsula of the Eurasian continent. Middle East across Greece to the southeast , South is African Continent Surrounded by, this overseas situation had a great influence on the situation in Europe.
* Green:Europe, Purple:Central Asia, Pink:Asia Minor (Anatolia), Red Purple:Middle East, Light Blue:North Africa
Egypt is included in the classification of North Africa and the Middle East, and Asia Minor is also included in the classification of the Middle East. May be
Let's summarize what the situation was like in the neighboring countries and Western European countries at that time.
Situation of neighboring countries
Crusaders Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor when the expedition began Part of Seljuk dynasty (Islamic dynasty) Advance into Beed I'm starting. This Seljuk dynasty Is the three sanctuaries of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, Jerusalem We are expanding our power to.
Jerusalem Was once a Jewish territory around the 10th century BC Kingdom of Israel , Roman Empire from around the 1st century , Islamic dynasty since the beginning of the 7th century Sanctuary of different religions It is the land that has become.
Fatimid Until this time, Jerusalem coexisted with Jewish and Christian people, but the Fatimid dynasty was weakened by the great famine in the latter half of the 11th century and Seljuk dynasty occupied . Then, Muslims will monopolize Jerusalem.
Modify the world history that is connected because it is by area
Also, the Almoravid dynasty in the western part of North Africa moved north to the Iberian Peninsula . However, it was a similar period when the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, which was regained by the Christian sphere, was taken into the sphere of influence.
So, as a Christian country,
I had a sense of danger that my country would be scraped off by the country of the Islamic dynasty.
I can say that. At that time, the Middle East region was one of the most advanced regions in the world, so it seems that the sense of crisis in Europe was not odd.
The situation in Western Europe
Crusaders' expedition Feudal Society The church, which received donations as it was established, had a higher voice than ever before. Sometimes he has the power to give in to the emperor. It's about the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 13th century.
Modify the world history where the flow is connected because it is by area
Also, Europeans' religious fever was rising But there was. It is also influenced by the fact that the church was the only information dissemination agency in the mansion (see the establishment of feudal societies and the authority of the church in medieval Western Europe).
Coupled with this religious fever, the Christian and Islamic sanctuary Jerusalem in Palestine, Syria. creates a great deal of antipathy for the Islamic monopoly It was like that.
In addition, in Europe three-field system Advances in agricultural technology such as [spring sowing, autumn sowing, fallow land] and iron production will become commonplace, and agricultural productivity will rise at once. The population has increased due to the increase in agricultural productivity, and the land up to that point has become too small and tends to expand . I went to.
In other words ...
The Byzantine Empire issued SOS to the Western European world
The voice of the church in Western Europe has reached its peak, and public opinion is on the side.
It can be said that it was at that time.
The Christian church at that time was
Pope Urban II Urban II , the top Pope of the Catholic Church (West), because he was in a state of division in the east and west and was in the process of negotiations for unification. It is said that there was also the intention of "I want to unify the church" and "I want to advance the negotiation of unification to the advantage".
In summary, the west and eastern speculations are like this.
In response to this situation, Urbanus II received a request for help. Is Clermon Religious Council Open,
- Overthrowing Islamic forces
- Recapture Jerusalem
Crusaders expedition for the purpose of I decided. 7 times from here notorious The Crusaders' expedition has begun.
Crusaders' expedition
Crusaders expedition started in 1096 by recruiting princes and knights from each country at the request of the Pope .. For those who participated in this crusade
"Forgiveness of sins will be given"
Motivate the knights with the sweet word. This word seems to be very attractive because it is a knight class that has to kill.
On the other hand, I was motivated.
"There is forgiveness even if you repeat sins"
The Crusaders will continue to do evil deeds by being endorsed by God.
On the other hand, for those who cannot participate due to circumstances
"If you donate, your sins will be forgiven even if you cannot serve."
And presents a method of forgiveness for sins that turn into military service. This is the cost of the expedition. This is the later indulgence It led to (Indulgence / Indulgence).
Actually, this crusade. As I said earlier, I will do my best to persecute, slaughter, and rape pagans (as bad as the keywords "crusade cruelty" and "crusade scraps" appear on the internet).
Among them, the one that influenced posterity was the Fourth Crusade . ..
As a result of financial distress despite having a Christian crown, capture Hungary Zara in the same Christian area Invading the Byzantine Empire , which was being traded by Venetian merchants, who were the key to military spending and joined the army. is.
Some people opposed the invasion of the same Christian state and withdrew, and the Pope was very angry at the situation of invading the Byzantine Empire, but since the original desire was "unification of East and West", the Pope eventually also I will admit the attack on Byzantines.
From this background, 4th Crusade Expedition Christian East-West confrontation is decisive It will be something like that. Until now, the unification of Christianity between East and West has been a crack that is said to be "because of the conflict of the Fourth Crusade" in addition to "interpretation of the doctrine."
Since this incident, the Byzantine Empire's national power, which had been a buffer zone with Islamic forces, has declined.
The Ottoman Empire hastened the time to enter Asia Minor
It is said that.
Seeing the Crusaders invading a completely different area as described above, the Crusaders who gave up when reinforcements did not come gave up "Jerusalem capture" and began to aim for "Egypt, the home of Islamic forces".
As a result of doing as much as you like, when the participants' speculations became stronger after the 5th Crusade, internal division ⇒ failure to capture The pattern will increase.
Thus, no major crusade will take place after the last major 7th Crusade expedition. Twenty years later, the last fort was also robbed by Islamic forces and the Crusader States disappeared.
What is the impact of the Crusaders ...?
As written to see the flow of Japan and the world from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the early Edo period.
- First proposed a Crusaders expedition Pope's authority diminishes
- The authority of the kings of the countries that commanded the Crusaders will increase
- The city prospers due to the movement of the Crusaders → Trade is flourishing due to the trading of munitions, etc.
The change will occur.
It's only natural that the pope, who just said, "It's an expedition!" The power and voice of the church as a political force has definitely declined compared to the past.
As a result, commerce develops and the feudal society declines. The characteristics of each country that is connected to the current European countries will begin to emerge strongly.
UK And France Strong ties with the king Now, Germany Then, the power of the lords will become stronger and decentralization will be extended I went .. Italy Then, defeat the bishop's power as the lord and develop into a autonomous city (Comune) .. It merged with the surrounding cities and became independent in a sense like a city-state.