In 1905, just before the end of the Russo-Japanese War, the labor movement in Russia was so strong that Bloody Sunday Developed to. Since then, the Tsar's authority will be lost if information is received that the Baltic Fleet has been defeated in addition to repeated national strikes.
This time, in addition to the series of events that took place in 1905 when the authority of the tsar began to be lost, the World War I that began in 1914 later. The Russian Revolution that happened during I will summarize the events that lead to.
" Soviet " which later leads to the name of the country made in Russia ] Is also the first appearance this time.
Turbulent 1905
Russia around this time was Franco-Russian Alliance French capital began to enter on the basis of, and the Industrial Revolution was in full swing, far behind Western Europe. As I went on, I was in a very bad state of handling workers engaged in the industry in a state of "catch up and overtake".
Naturally, the workers are frustrated. This dissatisfaction leads to the labor movement, but the labor movement is socialist thought . Will be connected.
What is socialism?
Moreover, the Russo-Japanese War that began in February 1904. Bloody Sunday in a situation where the end is not visible When that happened, the government couldn't ignore the turmoil.
- Discuss recommendations from individuals and groups in the government
- Involve elected people in discussions to hold parliament
To issue an edict.
However, in the same year, the Russo-Japanese War In the news of the defeat of the Baltic Fleet, a rebellion for Poland's independence and a rebellion in the Russian Navy ( Potemkin's rebellion ) ) And other riots spurred on.
On top of that, he lost the war on September 5, the same year. The movement of farmers will also become fierce.
The confusion was so great that Nicholas II October Manifesto (=Rescript on the improvement of national order) Sergei Witte Put out by the suggestion of
- Personality inviolability
- Freedom of thought, speech, assembly, and association
- Amend the election law and open a parliament (Duma)
What is Sergei Witte?
Witte, who had become known as an economist after working for a railroad company, became Minister of Finance when the terrible crop in Russia and the conflict with foreign countries were born.
He will develop steadily by promoting industrialization driven by railway construction in order to overcome the national crisis.
Although it was said that Emperor Nicholas II at that time was estranged, he was a powerful person who went to the Portsmouth Conference as the chief authority to negotiate for the end of the Russo-Japanese War.
From Sergei Witte (wikipedia)
As a result, Russia will also establish an integrated collegial government (Council of Ministers), which is the cabinet of Europe, and Witte will be appointed as its chairman. In effect, he became the first prime minister of imperial Russia.
Witte, who became prime minister in this way,
- Legalizing the formation of an organization
- Abolished criminal penalties for those who participated in the strike
- Freedom of speech, assembly and association
The large-scale revolutionary movement was settled when most citizens and capitalists came to support the government by admitting.
In addition, October Manifesto A few days before the issue, Petersburg workers said, " Soviet (In Russian, it means "council" and "worker representatives' meeting") ". This " Soviet ] Has spread to many areas. When it was first created, it was simply established as a committee for strike guidance.
* It was Trotsky who drafted the declaration when calling himself the Soviet Union. The person.
Moscow Uprising
October Manifesto The Revolutionary faction, which rejected the October Manifesto, continues to operate, while liberals who withdraw from the rebel movement have continued to withdraw from the rebel movement.
Also, the Petersburg Soviet mentioned earlier. However, when the strike became huge and affected social life, it changed into an organization with certain political and administrative functions. It is supposed to continue the activity.
Petersburg Soviet still active The government, which was aiming for a counterattack against, finally started to act on December 3. Chair Trotsky They arrested and destroyed Soviet deputies.
Moscow Soviet rebelled against this Rushed into a general strike on December 7th. We built barricades in factories and streets and appealed for improvements in working conditions, but we were attacked by the military and many casualties and arrests came out.
Why was the labor movement so much an enemy of your eyes?
The labor movement in Russia flourished in the 1890s, and various social democracy based on the labor movement. Group was formed. That is " Russian Social Democratic Labor Party And " Socialist Revolutionary Party ] Is an organization.
These groups are the revolutionary forces born in the 1860s, Narodniks . One of the leaders of Marxism It started when I woke up to Narodniks . Among them, people who have a slightly different way of thinking begin to appear.
For example, Narodniks who was thinking "let's shift directly to socialism based on the rural community". As the Industrial Revolution began, some groups began to think that the theory was "unrealistic" and criticized it.
They "The main forces of the revolution are workers, not peasants" As an organization called the Emancipation of Labor, " Russian Social Democratic Labor Party It became the mother body of.
On the other hand, Narodniks Representing the interests of the farmers What I did was " Socialist Revolutionary Party "is.
Labor movement in this way And revolutionary forces It seems that the government could not ignore it because it was closely connected.
In addition, this Bloody Sunday incident The series of events from the failure of the Soviet uprising at the end of the year is [ First Russian Revolution ] [ Russia First Revolution ] It is also said. First Russian Revolution In addition to Russo-Japanese War The turbulent 1905, which continued until the defeat, ended in this way.
Creating a Constitution
February-March 1906. As previously revealed, the first parliamentary election in Duma was held in Russia, but the Tsar, who hated workers, has enacted an election law that is disadvantageous to workers.
Land owner 1 vote =Citizen 3 votes =Farmer 15 vote =Worker 45 vote
It is called. .. .. It was a terrible election for us now, which is ridiculously unequal and cannot be done anonymously. Naturally, neither farmers nor workers can be accepted.
Social Democratic Labor Party around this time Vladimir Il'Nin thinks, "Let's make it a party that only professional revolutionaries can enter!" Faction (majority) [ Bolsheviks ] And "People aiming for a revolution should be widely accepted, not just professional revolutionaries!" Julius Martov Faction (minority) [ Mensheviks ] It was divided into. .. ..
Every group is doing something similar about this election.
- Bolsheviks:Boycott elections
- Mensheviks:Eventually rejected
- Socialist Revolutionary Party:Boycott + Terrorist Activities
Under these circumstances, the one who won the election was the liberal party "Constitutional Democratic Party (commonly known as Cadet ). ) ”And“ Trudoviks ”founded mainly by people related to Narodniks.
It was the rebel and liberal forces that dominated the Diet.
So Tsar and his aides reformed the system before the Diet was held.
- Senate the National Council (which has helped the Tsar since the 19th century)
- Duma, an elected member of the House, will be the House of Representatives
The Senate was supposed to act as a coordinator in the event of a conflict between the House of Representatives and the Tsar.
I enacted the Constitution in this situation, but I couldn't hear the story of Duma, whose government was chosen by the people to put him at a disadvantage. .. ..
The public's voice to convene a constitutional convention to make a decision was also vague, and the constitution was enacted in the form of a tsar giving it to the people.
In Article 4 of this Constitution
As you can see from the fact that the constitutional monarchy in which elected members participate in politics is only a form, the tsar tyranny will continue as before.
Russian political turmoil
As I've written so far, Nicholas II was a tsar at the time. Is an emperor who responded rigorously to the revolutionary forces.
Meanwhile, the Prime Minister's Whitte Is October Manifesto As you can see in the case of, he was a politician who was relatively close to the position of the people. He will be resigned from the prime minister with the establishment of the constitution. The next prime minister was Goremykin The person. It was Struipin who became Minister of the Interior under him. was.
Struipin Reform
This Struipin Started reforms on farmers and land. Those who oppose the reform are being executed one after another. There were so many people executed that the gallows were so called "Struipin ties".
Eventually Struipin became prime minister. A community that has tied farmers to land even after the Emancipation Reform Order in the name of freeing farmers (= meal ) Was going to be reformed.
What is meal?A rural community that has been identified since the 15th and 16th centuries. There were officers such as elders, and logging of forests and the right to use fishing grounds and hunting grounds were agreed upon.
National taxes and tribute to the lord were also assigned to each house during the lap of the meal.
Since the cultivated land in Russia after the Emancipation Reform Order was distributed not as "private land of farmers" but as "common land of the community", even if the Emancipation Reform Order was issued, the farmers would end up remaining on the land, which would be an excessive burden. I continued to suffer from land shortages, and a riot broke out in various places.
Struipin tried to avoid this by making the farmland "farmer's private land".
However, due to this policy, there will be some people who are good at leaving the community but who have good output and those who are not, and the stratification of farmers will progress. In addition to the conflict of "landowners vs. farmers", the conflict of "rich farmers vs. poor farmers" progressed, so it eventually failed. I was even assassinated.
Rasputin, the monster
Nicholas II, who was showing stubbornness in terms of politics, was a father who was troubled by children and thought of his wife, and it is said that his family relationship was quite good.
The long-awaited boy Alexei is the fifth child between the two. This child becomes the crown prince, but he was suffering from hemophilia, which is also his genetic disease.
The Empress is intoxicated by Rasputin, the shaman who cured this illness. She soon began to talk about politics.
Russian politics deepened turmoil as Nicholas II lost leadership and was frustrated by his eponymous Duma and the failure of land reform.