Religion and Reform Movement in Bihar

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Religion and Reform Movement in Bihar

The origin of both Jain and Buddhist religions has been Bihar.

Buddhism and Lord Buddha in Bihar

Lord Buddha, the originator of Buddhism, was born in about 563 BC in a place called Limbodi in Kapilvastu, Nepal. Buddha's childhood names were Gautam and Siddhartha. His father's name was Shuddhodhana and mother's name was Mahamaya.

At the age of 16, he was married to a girl named Yashodhara. At the age of 28, he got a son named Rahul from Yashodhara. He left home at the age of 29. This incident was called Grandizen It is called.

After leaving home, wandering in search of knowledge, Gautam reached Rajgir, the first two gurus were - Alar and Udarka. At the age of 35, Niranjana reached the East Bela forest on the banks of the river and performed severe penance with five Brahmin companions, but did not get any fruit. Thereafter he reached Gaya, where he attained enlightenment under a Peepal tree on Vaishakh Purnima, the eighth day of sadhna.

That Peepal tree is called Bodhi tree, that place is called Buddha Gaya, Gautam Buddha and this event is called addressed in Buddhism. After attaining knowledge, he propagated his religion for 40 years in Magadha, Sarnath, Vaishali etc. Gautam Buddha gave his first sermon (discourse) in Sarnath. This event is called turning the wheel of Dharma.

His teachings were very simple and first of all four noble truths were presented in them - there is suffering in the world, there is a cause of suffering, it is possible to get rid of suffering, and the remedy for this is, to remove suffering, he told the Eightfold Path, in which right vision He emphasized on time series, right speech, right solution.

In order to purify moral conduct, the Buddha ordered 10 precepts, which include non-violence, truth, untruth, non-possessiveness and celibacy, renunciation of dance songs, renunciation of cosmetics, renunciation of soft beds and renunciation of Kamini Kanchan. Buddha's Mahaparinirvana (death) took place at the age of 80 at a place called Kushinagar.

The first Buddhist council was held in Rajagriha during the reign of Ajatashatru in 483 BC under the chairmanship of Mahakasap. The second Buddhist council was held in Vaishali during the reign of Kalashoka in 383 BC under the chairmanship of Sabakami. The third Buddhist council was held in Pataliputra during the reign of Ashoka, in about 250 AD, under the chairmanship of Mogliputtis. The fourth Buddhist council was held under the chairmanship of Vasumitra in the Kundalavan of Kashmir in the first century AD during the reign of Kanishka.

After this fourth Buddhist council, Buddhism was divided into two parts Hinayana and Mahayana.

Buddhist Sangeetya in Bihar

Person related to Gautam Buddha

• Prajapati Gautami :-  Dhay Mata (Aunt)
• Chana :- charioteer
• Alarm Clom:- First Guru
• Chunanda:- The blacksmith or goldsmith of Pava, where Buddha ate food. Due to which he got diarrheal disease and hence he died.
• Kanthak :-  Gautam Buddha's favorite horse
• Udaraka Ramput:- Second Guru of Buddha
• Bimbisara, Ajatashatru (king of Magadha), Prasenjit (ruler of Kosala), Udayana (ruler of Kaushambi) disciples of Gautam Buddha who were kings.

Jainism and Mahavir Swami in Bihar

Jainism was born on the soil of Bihar in the century BC. There were a total of 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism. The first Tirthankara was Rishabhdev, Jagjit was the 24th and the last Tirthankara was Mahavira.

Vardhamana Mahavira was the originator of Jainism. Mahavir, belonging to the Lichchavi dynasty, was born in 540 BC in a Kshatriya clan in a village near Vaishali. His father's name was Siddhartha, who was the king of Kundagram.

His mother's name was Trishala, who was a Lichchavi princess and his wife's name was Yashoda, from whom he had a daughter named Priyadarshana. He left home at the age of 30 and attained knowledge after 12 years of penance. At the age of 42, he attained knowledge under a Sal tree on the banks of river Rijupalika near Jambhik village.

Due to the victory of the senses, after attaining Kevalya, they were called Mahavir Jin, Arhat and Nirgrantha (Bandless) and for this reason the religion promoted by them was called Jainism. He propagated his ideas and toured in Champa, Mithila, Vaishali and Rajgir.

According to Mahavir, the behavior of violence towards all beings is mandatory. Their God does not exist and the liberation of the soul is possible only through a controlled life. For attainment of liberation (moksha) in Jainism, it is necessary to follow the Triratna- Right Life, Right Philosophy, and Right Character.

Mahavir had organized an organization to propagate Jainism and entrusted the responsibility of propagating the religion of his chief disciple Indrabhuti. At the age of 72, in 468 BC, at a place called Pavapuri near Rajgriha, he got relief. Two musicals were organized in Jainism.

The first Jain council was organized in the third century BC at Pataliputra under the chairmanship of Sthula Bhadra. After this association, Jainism was divided into two parts – Shwetambar and Digambar. The second Jain council was organized in the fifth century AD under the chairmanship of Valabhi Kshamashramana of Gujarat. 21 Jain pilgrimage cars had attained nirvana at Parasnath. The followers of Parshvanath are called Nirgrantha.

Parshvanath was a bitter critic of Vedic ritualism and deism. He laid special emphasis on tenacity and restraint. There are four principles propounded by him - Satya, Ahimsa, Aparigraha, and Asteya, in Jainism, liberation from the bondage of worldly craving is called Nirvana. There are two sects of Jainism - Shwetambar and Digambar.

In 300 BC, in Magadha for 12 consecutive years of famine, under the leadership of Sthula Bhadra, Jain monks who lived in Magadha during the day and dressed in white clothes were called Shvetambar, while Jain Acharya left Magadha under the leadership of Bhadrabahu during the famine. The Jains who migrated to Shravanabelagola (Karnataka) were called Digambaras. Digambaras used to claim themselves to be pure and lived in a naked state.

During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 BC), a Mahasabha (the first Jain Mahasabha) was organized in Pataliputra to compile the teachings of Jainism. In this the main part (12 ango) of Jainism was edited. This Mahasabha was boycotted by the Jains of the South (Bhadrabahu etc.).

Who adopted Prakrit, the common colloquial language for his country. Jain religious texts were compiled in Ardha-Magadhi language. Jain Muni Hemchandra prepared the first grammar of Apabhramsa language. Later Jains also wrote in abundance in Sanskrit and Kannada language.

The followers of Jainism made remarkable contributions in the field of art. He built many caves, such as the cave temple of Udayagiri, Indra Sabha of Ellora, etc. Jain art developed a lot in the 11th-12th century. In modern times, the 75 feet high statue of Gomateshwara at Shravanabelagola was carved out of granite stone.

Islamism and Sufi Silsila in Bihar

Due to the efforts of Sufi saints, there was enough propagation of Islam in Bihar. The first Sufis of the Chishti order came to Bihar. Shah Mohammad Bihari and Syed Tajuddin were the first Sufi saints to come to Bihar.

The most important in the Sufi sequence coming to Bihar was the Firdausi series. The most popular saint of Firdausi Silsila is Makhdoom Sarfuddin Maineri. He was born in 1290 AD in Maner. Makhdoom Sarfuddin Maneri's father was Makhdoom Yahia Maneri. Who is the Sufi saint of Suhrawardi Silsila.

Makhdoom Sarfuddin Maneri died in 1381 AD in Bihar Sharif. His tomb is still located in Maner near Patna. Various Sufi saints have preached religious tolerance, social harmony, human service and peaceful co-existence. Information about his teachings comes from the collection of his sons, Maktubate Shaadi and his works Aadabul Murudin.

Ahmadiyya sect came to Bihar in 1893 AD. This movement went on vigorously under the leadership of Hasan Ali of Bhagalpur. According to Buchanan, the popularity of the Dariapanthi sect continued in the 19th century and at that time its number of followers was 20,000. Tekdas was the head of the sect at that time. This sect was in favor of syncretism between Hindu and Muslim sects.

Sikhism Guru Gobind Singh in Bihar

Guru Nanak spread the propagation of Sikhism while traveling to the countries of Bihar, Gaya, Patna, Rajgir, Munger, Bhagalpur, Kahalgaon etc. Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth guru of the Sikhs, came to Bihar in the late 17th century. He came to Patna via Sasaram and Gaya. In order to stay in Patna, he had to leave for Assam. As a result, he left his wife Gujari Devi in ​​Patna under the protection of brother Kripal.

After some time Mata Gujri Devi gave birth to Guru Gobind Singh on 26 December 1666 in Patna. According to Buchanan, in 1812 AD, the number of Sikhs in Bihar was about 50,000. Govind Das, Haridayal Das, and Udayan Das were the main missionaries of these. The Sikhs of Bihar played an important role in the revolt of 1857.

Christianity in Bihar

The Roman Catholic priests first spread Christianity in Bihar. In 1620, on the orders of Jahangir, a Christian church organization was established in Patna. There is also a discussion of the adoption of Christianity by Khan, a Mughal governor of Bihar,

In the early 18th century, in 1707, two priests, Father Dominic and Father Francis, traveled from Patna to Tibet and Nepal and made efforts to evangelize. The first Christian church was built in Patna City in 1713. The building and its surrounding area are still referred to as Priest's Mansion says.

In the modern period, Christians entered Bihar on a large scale in the 19th century. These people especially entered the tribal areas of the state. Work for the propagator of Christianity started in a more organized and organized manner after 1846, a priest named Hartmann was established in Patna for this work.

Along with Patna, such efforts started soon in Bettiah, Munger, Bhagalpur and Purnia. Later on, these activities spread to the tribal areas of Chotanagpur, such efforts were very successful. The voluntary services of these organizations in schools and health services have been commendable.

Religion and Social Reform Movement in Bihar

The religion and social reform movement of the 19th century had a huge impact on Bihar as well. The contribution of Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Theosophical Society etc. has been important in bringing renaissance in Hindu society.

Brahmo Samaj

Raja Rammohan Roy, the forerunner of the Indian Renaissance and the founder of the Brahmo Samaj, had a connection with Bihar. He had received Urdu and Persian education by staying in Patna and started the job of India Company from Ramgarh.

With the inspiration of Keshav Chandra Sen among his associates, branches of Braha Samaj were established in Patna and Gaya. The branch of Braha Samaj was established in 18 seats in Bhagalpur by Dr. Krishna Nandan Ghosh. This was the first branch in Bihar, but soon its branches opened in Patna, Munger, Jabalpur cities also.

The main contribution of this movement has been in freeing Hinduism from superstition and emphasizing ethical conduct and monotheistic belief. It has also played a role in bringing progress in the field of social reform and education. Its prominent leaders in Bihar include Guru Prasad Sen, Jain Prakash Chandra Rai, Harisundar Bose, Shivchandra Banerjee, D.N. Sen, Rajinikanth Guha, Bajrang Bihari Lal, Nivaran Tantra Mukherjee and Kamini Devi.

Arya Samaj

Soon after the establishment of Arya Samaj, its founder Swami Dayanand Saraswati had traveled to Bihar. First came Buxar. After that Dumrao and Ara arrived. He stayed at the house of Harvans Sahai and Jai Prakash Lal in Dumrao. इसके बाद पटना, मुंगेर, भागलपूर, और छपरा उनकी यात्रा क्रम में शामिल हुए.

पटना में पंडित रामजीवन भट्ट के साथ उनका शास्त्रार्थ हुआ. तत्पश्चात मुंगेर, भागलपुर, छपरा होते हुए मुंबई चले गए. परंतु भोलानाथ जी एवं माखनलाल के आग्रह पर उन्होंने दूसरी बार दानापुर की यात्रा 30 अक्टूबर, 1869 को कि. बिहार में पहला आर्य समाज मंदिर 1885 में दानपुर में स्थापित हुआ. आरा, पटना, सिवान, मुजफ्फरपुर, मोतिहारी, रांची (अब झारखंड में) और भागलपुर आदि नगरों में इसकी शाखाएं स्थापित हुई.

शिक्षा और समाज सुधार के क्षेत्र में इस आंदोलन का प्रमुख योगदान रहा. जाति-प्रथा और अनावश्यक कर्मकांड का विरोध करने के साथ महिलाओं के उदार और शिक्षा के विकास पर इस आंदोलन ने विशेष ध्यान दिया. सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि इसने राष्ट्रीय चेतना को पल्लवित करने और स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में भाग लेने के लिए युवकों को प्रेरित किया.

आर्य समाज के प्रमुख बिहारी नेताओं में बाल कृष्ण सहाय, पंडित अयोध्या प्रसाद, डॉ केशव शास्त्री, भवानी दयाल सन्यासी, राजगुरु धीरेंद्र शास्त्री, पंडित वेदव्रत, पंडित राम रक्षा, रामानंद साह आदि के नाम उल्लेखनीय है. आर्य समाज द्वारा शुद्धि आंदोलन चलाया गया तथा गौ रक्षा समिति आदि का गठन एवं प्रसार किया गया.

रामाकृष्ण मिशन

रामकृष्ण परमहंस ने सिर्फ एक बार 1808 में बिहार की यात्रा की और देवघर पधारे. इसके बाद स्वामी विवेकानंद द्वारा अप्रैल, 1886 में गया, 1890 में भागलपुर एवं देवघर और 1902 बोधगया, बिहार की यात्राएं की गई. बिहार में रामकृष्ण परमहंस के शिष्य थे- रख्ता राम एवं मथुरा प्रसाद . रख्ता राम कुछ समय तक दक्षिणेश्वर के मंदिर में भी रहे.

1920 में पहली बार रामाकृष्ण मिशन की शाखा बिहार में जमशेदपुर (अब झारखंड में) स्थापित हुई. पटना एवं देवघर (झारखंड) में इसकी शाखा 1922 में खुली. अध्यात्म और शिक्षा के प्रसार में इस संस्था का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान रहा. बिहार में इसके प्रमुख नेताओं में जितेंद्र नाथ मुखर्जी और डॉक्टर राजेश्वर ओझा के नाम उल्लेखनीय है.

थियोसोफिकल सोसायटी

थियोसोफिकल सोसायटी के संस्थापक कर्नल ओलकोंट ने सर्वप्रथम 1883 में और एनी बेसेंट के साथ 20 जनवरी, 1894 को बिहार की यात्रा की थी. उस समय पटना में यह आंदोलन ऑलवेज हो रहा था.

1904 ई. तक इसकी शाखाएं भागलपुर, गया, आरा, बांकीपुर, दरभंगा, मुजफ्फरपुर, मोतिहारी, छपरा, पूर्णिया, सीतामढ़ी, और देवघर आदि में संगठित हो चुकी थी. बिहार में इसके प्रमुख नेता मधुसूदन प्रसाद, रामाश्रय प्रसाद, बैजनाथ सिंह, परमेश्वर दयाल, रघुवीर प्रसाद, सरफराज हुसैन और नारायण सिन्हा आदि थे. पेशे से वकील श्री सिन्हा 1919 ई. से 1923 ई. तक थियोसोफिकल सोसाइटी ऑफ इंडिया के महासचिव भी रहे.

इस संस्था ने धार्मिक समन्वय ,संप्रदायिक भाईचारे और अध्यात्म के विकास में योगदान दिया है. होमरूल आंदोलन के माध्यम से श्रीमती एनी बेसेंट ने स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को भी नई प्रेरणा प्रदान की इसका प्रभाव देश में है और बिहार में भी महसूस हुआ है.

मुसलमानों में धर्म एवं समाज सुधार

आधुनिक बिहार में मुस्लिम समाज में शिक्षा के प्रसार हेतु 1872 ई. में मुजफ्फरपुर में बिहार साइंटिफिक सोसाइटी की स्थापना मौलवी इमदाद अली खान द्वारा की गई. 1873 में गया और पटना में इसकी शाखाएं खोली. उन दिनों बिहार के मुसलमानों में धर्म और समाज सुधार के प्रयास का मुख्य केंद्र पटना था. 19वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्द्ध में वहाबियों के माध्यम से यह प्रयास प्रारंभ हुए.

उन्होंने इस्लाम धर्म के मूल उपदेशों पर आचरण का आह्वान किया और धर्म में बिदत अथवा विकार का विरोध किया. इस उद्देश्य से उन्होंने शैक्षिक संस्थाएं संगठित की, जहां पारंपरिक इस्लामी शिक्षा प्रदान की जाती थी. ऐसी संस्थाओं में सबसे पहले पटना का मदरसा इस्लाहुल मौलाना अब्दुल रहीम द्वारा स्थापित किया गया.

1891 ईसवी में पटना में खुदाबख्श लाइब्रेरी की स्थापना हुई.स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के क्रम में बिहारी मुसलमानों में भी राष्ट्रीय चेतना जागृत हुई. 1917 में मौलाना मोहम्मद सज्जाद ने बिहार में जमीतूल- उलेमाए- हिंद की शाखा संगठित की.

खिलाफत और असहयोग आंदोलन 1921 में बिहार के मुसलमानों की एक अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण संस्था इमारतें-शरिया स्थापित हुई. इसके संस्थापक भी मौलाना मोहम्मद सज्जाद थे और इसका मुख्यालय पटना के निकट है फुलवरीशरीफ है में स्थित था.इसके द्वारा मुस्लिम समुदाय के धार्मिक और सामाजिक कार्यों को संचालित करने और सुनियोजित करने के प्रयास किए गए.