Emperor Kanmu after Emperor Konin who simplified the administration and reduced the tax burden on the citizens Enthroned and inherited his policy.
Emperor Kanmu 784 to cut off the harmful effects of Buddhist politics and strengthen the power of the emperor From Heijokyo to Nagaokakyo We moved to the capital. However, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, who led the Nagaokakyo construction, was assassinated, and his crown prince Prince Sawara and the former lords of Otomo and Saeki were rejected.
In addition, unhappiness occurred one after another around Emperor Kanmu, and Nagaokakyo was not completed.
Moved to Heiankyo
794 Heiankyo relocated to Kyoto Was created and named Yamashiro Province.
As a result, the period of about 400 years until Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the shogunate after Kamakura was Heian period . Is called.
Battle with Ezo
Tohoku region Then, even in the Nara period, we went north along the Kitakami River and the Sea of Japan castle fence . Was set up.
A group of government offices and warehouses were placed on this castle fence, and it had the character of an administrative office, and farmers from the Kanto region and other areas migrated around it to cultivate it.
We have been promoting the rule of the Ezo region based on such a castle fence, but 780 In the Tohoku region, a dispute with Ezo for more than 30 years occurred when Korehari no Azusa, a powerful tribe of Ezo who returned to the center, rebelled.
789 Emperor Kanmu Is Ki no Kosami Seito Ambassador Although he sent a large army to try to control Ezo in the Isawa region in the middle reaches of the Kitakami River, the government army suffered a great defeat. After that, Sakanoue Tamura Maro Is Shogun Next 802 , Succeeded in controlling the Isawa district, and even on the Sea of Japan side, central control has reached the Yoneshiro River basin.
The two major policies of the battle in the Tohoku region and the construction of Heiankyo put a heavy burden on the national finances and the people, and Emperor Kanmu decided to discontinue these two major projects.
Political reform in the early Heian period
As mentioned earlier, Emperor Kanmu Established the authority of the emperor and actively promoted political reforms. He especially focused on reforming local politics and abolished the excess Kokushi and Gunji . However, we have set up an understanding messenger and strictly supervise the hand-over work due to the change of national history . I saw it.
792 Due to the decline in the quality of soldiers, the army corps and soldiers in the Kyushu and Tohoku regions were abolished, and a small number of elite healthy children were abolished by the relatives of the gunji and the volunteers of leading farmers. Was adopted, but the results were not sufficient.
The reform of Emperor Kanmu was taken over by Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga, but in 810, Emperor Saga and Emperor Heizei confronted each other, causing a conflict. This series of conflicts is [ Kusuko Incident ] Is called.
Emperor Saga triggered by this incident Established a [Kurodo-dokoro] to promptly convey the Emperor's orders to the Daijo-kan organization, and gave the secretary a [ Kurodo-dokoro . ] Was placed. As an aide to the emperor, the brewer will play an important role in the court.
Emperor Saga is a police organization in Heiankyo [ Kebiishi . ] Was established, and it became possible to conduct trials later, and it became an important position to take charge of the governance of Kyoto.
Under Emperor Saga, supplement and amend the laws and regulations issued in response to social changes after the enactment of the Ritsuryo [ case ] And the detailed enforcement regulations [formula], and the Hiroto personality formula was compiled. This was for the convenience of political practice according to the actual situation of the government office, and after that, the Sadakan and Enki styles were compiled respectively.
These three are [ three major formulas 】Is called.
Transformation of aristocratic society
In the 8th and 9th centuries, the gap between rich and poor became widespread among farmers, and both influential and needy farmers tried to escape the burden of the country. As a means of this, the number of [counterfeit registrations] that reduce the registration of boys who bear military service, labor service, and taxes in the family register has increased, creating a gap with the actual situation.
In this way, Kumada Receiving Method Has become difficult to implement.
Therefore, Emperor Kanmu revised the period of the group from 6 years to 1 group in 12 years (Ikki) in order to carry out the collection of the group. In addition, the interest rate of public fists was reduced from 50% to 30%, and the period of miscellaneous activities was reduced from 60 days to 30 days to reduce the burden on the citizens, but it was not effective. The number of areas that have not been held for 30 to 50 years has increased.
The government cracked down on fraud and negligence related to tax collection by the Kokushi and Gunji, and 823 . Public fields in Dazaifu, 879 We set up a government field in Japan and adopted a directly managed system using influential farmers in an effort to secure financial resources.
However, each government agency has its own financial resources, and the officials have begun to collect and store the swords. The emperor also had his own Teshida, and the imperial family was also given Nobuta.
Heiankyo culture
Culture from the relocation of Heiankyo to the 9th century Konin-Jōgan culture Is called.
In Heiankyo, a culture centered on aristocrats develops, aiming for the prosperity of the nation centered on literary arts. ] Thought spread, Chinese literature developed in the court, Tendai sect and Shingon sect spread, and esoteric Buddhism became popular.
Emperor Saga Respected the Chinese style and had a policy of having cultural figures participate in politics, such as by appointing human resources who are good at Chinese literature.
Creating Chinese poetry is important as an aristocratic culture, and Chinese character culture Has spread.
Gradually, both Chinese writing and aristocrats became able to master it, and it became the source of national culture. Emperor Saga, Kukai, Sugawara no Michizane Are known as prominent writers.
New Buddhism and Mikkyo Art
Emperor Kanmu refused to relocate the large temple in the southern capital to Heiankyo in an attempt to dispel the harmful effects of Buddhism in the Nara period, which was deeply intervened in politics. Supported the new Buddhism of.
Saisumi
Saicho Studied at Mt. Hiei, 804 He went to Tang as a mission to Tang, and after receiving the teachings of Tendai, he returned to Japan and opened the Tendai sect. This was subject to opposition from various denominations in the southern capital, but after Saicho's death, Enryakuji Temple on Mt. Hiei, which began in Kusuan, eventually became the center of Buddhist education.
From wikipedia "Saicho"
Sky Sea
Kukai entered Tang in 804 and studied Mikkyo in Chang'an. After his return, he built Kongobuji Temple on Mt. Koya and opened the Shingon sect. The Toji Temple in Heiankyo, which Kukai received from Emperor Saga, also became the main dojo for Mikkyo.
From wikipedia "Kukai"
Development of Mikkyo art
When the Tendai and Shingon sect flourished, the mysterious Mikkyo art Has newly developed.
In the building sector, the temple towers are cathedral arrangements in mountainous areas. Made of.
In the sculpture, many Buddhist statues such as Nyoirin Kannon and Fudo Myo, which are related to Mikkyo, were made. Many of these Buddha statues are made of one piece of wood and have a mysterious expression.
In the paintings, mysterious Buddhist paintings such as the statue of Fudo Myoo at Sonjoji Temple were written, and mandalas such as the Mandala of the Two Worlds such as Jingoji Temple developed. Mandala was written in an orderly composition of the Buddhist world of the Diamond Realm, which represents the wisdom of Dainichi Nyorai, which is valued in Mikkyo, and the womb realm, which represents mercy.
Other calligraphers such as Emperor Saga, Kukai, and Tachibana no Hayana were born, and were later praised as three strokes.