Although it is a little difficult to understand, it will be the basis of domestic affairs under the Yamato administration, so I will explain it in detail.
The surname system is the order of status of the Yamato administration's powerful tribes.
Based on this surname system, the authority system and political system were constructed.
First of all, when you hear the name and surname, the image of "name" and "first and last name" comes first, but please forget about it first. To put it simply, the surname system refers to the social order in the Kofun period.
What is the surname system? ??
The Yamato administration is considered to be a coalition of powerful tribes, with the great king (later the emperor) formed around the plane as the apex. The social division system created by the Yamato administration is the surname system . Is called.
Even now, "Mr." and "Last name" are used in surnames, but the surnames under the Yamato administration have a different meaning.
Simply put, "Mr." is the name of the kinship group, and "Last name" is the title given to him by the Great King.
I made a rough diagram below, so please refer to it.
Last name system relationship diagram
* As the affiliation of the local lords to the Yamato administration progresses, the local people will also be collected as Tabe, but at that time the Yamato administration dispatches a decree.
Mr. What is [maggot]?
Basically, " family group with the same ancestor I will be in charge of the duties of the administration in units of Mr.
It should be noted that the people who are called the Gozoku are privately owned land called Tasou (the part is Tasou ). But it works), property, private army, and a clan that controls a certain area.
The types of "Mr." are those derived from "place names" such as Mr. Hiragun, Mr. Giose, and Mr. Soga, and those derived from "professional / functional names" such as Mr. Otomo, Mr. Mononobe, Mr. Haji, and Mr. Nakatomi. had.
The Yamato administration has given these powerful tribes the Omi, Ren, Kimi, Nao, Zou, Neck, History explained below. I gave "Kabane" such as.
What is the surname [Kabane]? ??
"Last name" is a title that represents the status of a powerful family within the Yamato administration.
The origin is unknown, but it is believed that the mythical names such as "○○ Hiko", "○○ Hime", and "○○ Nushi" are the prototypes of the surname. It is said that this was institutionalized around the 4th century (existence is questionable) by the 13th Emperor Seimu.
- Kuni no miyatsu (Kuni no Miyatsuko) ... A person who has a government official or a government office that governs a region. Has military rights, jurisdiction, etc.
- Agatanushi (Agatanushi) ... It is said that it was already established in the early 3rd and 4th centuries of the Kofun period. The administrative division under the direct control of the Yamato administration, the head of the prefecture, and high loyalty to the administration.
- Wake (Separate, Wake, Kazuki, Kasuke, Retirement, Relocation) ... Around the 4th century, those who broke up from the Yamato royal family and gained territory in the region, and their families. ⇒ Kimi due to the reform of the surname system of the 19th Emperor Ingyō in the first half of the 5th century. And distance Change to last name
- Inaoki (Inagi)… The name of a local official who is weaker than the prefectural owner. As the name suggests, we handled rice husk storage.
These are the 5th and 6th centuries, surname system As a proof of belonging to the Yamato administration, titles such as Omi and Ren (that is, surnames) will be given. You will be able to know your position, function, and whether or not you belonged later.
The vassals are Kinai's influential tribes Given to, its representative was a minister and played a central role in politics. The titles of those who were originally the rulers of the area, and the representative ones are Katsuragi / Soga / Heguri . Etc.
Ren has been a great king for a long time occupation / function Given to the great tribes who served with ream Representative Dalian is Minister With Great I was in charge of politics under. A typical example is Otomo (Management of Tomo (* Shinabe) served from the region) ・ Shinabe (Management of weapons and rituals) ・ Nakatomi (In charge of Shinto ritual).
* Shinabe is a slave worker of the Great King. See image above.
In addition, influential local tribes such as Kibi and Izumo (a tribe with a high degree of cooperation with the Yamato administration) Is given Nao, and the lower one is given the surname Kimi.
Control mechanism based on surname system
Last name system =Order of status With that in mind, it will be easier to understand if you hold down the relationship with the mechanism of political control.
Politics includes national level such as military, economic and tax collection, and local control.
The minister, Dalian, was in charge of national affairs under the Great King.
These are the positions in which the most powerful family members (Mr.) who have the surnames of Omi and Muraji have been appointed, and can be thought of as the highest official positions at that time.
Another confusing thing is [Tomo no Miyatsuko]?
The powerful tribes (Mr.) who served the Great King with occupations and professions such as Mr. Otomo and Mr. Mononobe are composed of groups engaged in their respective occupations and professions. This group is called a companion, and a companion leader is created. That is.
In other words, Ren is the surname given to Banzo, and Mr. (the head of) who has Ren's surname has the position of Banzo in the political system of the Yamato administration.
Summary of [Mr.] [Last name]
- "Mr." ... A clan of powerful tribes organized by blood relations.
- "Last name" ... A title that indicates the status and status given to each person.
Purpose of the surname system
Around the latter half of the 3rd century, the Yamato administration, a coalition administration of influential powerful tribes centered on Kinai (Yamashiro, Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi, Settsu), was established. It absorbs the local lords, centering on the great king who has the greatest power among the lords.
Around the 5th century, the sphere of influence was expanded from central Kyushu to the southern part of the Tohoku region.
The surname system is the rule system that was introduced to unite the enormous Yamato administration, where many powerful families gathered. We have created a system that is easy to control by giving the status of the constituent tribes and creating a hierarchical relationship.
Abolition of surname system
This surname system has ceased to function due to the birth of a new government and the change in the ruling system triggered by the change of Isshi in 645.
The following year, in 646, Emperor Kotoku, who was newly enthroned, promulgated a new apocalypse showing a new political policy. We decided to aim for a centralized nation that concentrated power on the emperor.
This political reform is called Taika Reform.
Due to this Taika Reform, the rule system will change from the coalition government, which was formed by the gathering of the land and the people who own the people, to a centralized nation where the power is concentrated on the emperor. It changed from a coalition of small nations, each with a ruler, to a system ruled by a single emperor (great king).
It goes without saying that the rules will change when the rule system changes, and under the surname system, the Taso (land) and club songs (people) owned by the gentry have newly introduced a public land civil system. It all belonged to the emperor.
At the same time, the positions within the administration will be renewed, and the Minister of the Left and the Minister of the Right will be newly established in place of the Minister (Oomi) and Dalian (Omuraji) who played a central role in the coalition administration. The first Minister of the Left was Abe no Uchimaro, and the right Minister was Soga no Kurayamada Ishikawa Maro.
Introduction of eight-colored surname
It was Emperor Tenmu who reorganized the surname system, which had almost stopped functioning.
Emperor Tenmu is the younger brother of Emperor Tenji (the middle and big brother) and the person who won the "Jinshin War" in the battle for succession to the throne with Emperor Tenji's son, Prince Otomo.
Due to the change to a centralized nation at the center of the emperor, the order of the status of the tribes was broken, so we introduced a system called the eight-colored surname (Yakusano Kabane) and recreated the status of the tribes with eight surnames. I did.
Please refer to the details here.
This kind of surname system that emphasizes kinship changes due to the establishment of a different social order after the Taika Reform, but the official titles mentioned above may remain as they are, so in general. I think it's better to know what it looks like.