What conquests had the Muslim armies made by 661 CE?

By 661 CE, the Muslim armies had made the following conquests:

- Arabian Peninsula: The Muslim armies had conquered the entire Arabian Peninsula, including Mecca and Medina, by 632 CE.

- Syria: The Muslim armies conquered Syria, including Damascus, by 636 CE.

- Egypt: The Muslim armies conquered Egypt, including Alexandria, by 641 CE.

- Iraq: The Muslim armies conquered Iraq, including Ctesiphon, by 637 CE.

- Persia: The Muslim armies conquered Persia, including Isfahan, by 651 CE.

- North Africa: The Muslim armies conquered North Africa, including Tripoli and Tunis, by 647 CE.

- Cyprus: The Muslim armies conquered Cyprus by 649 CE.

- Armenia: The Muslim armies conquered Armenia by 653 CE.

- Transoxiana: The Muslim armies conquered Transoxiana, including Bukhara and Samarkand, by 654 CE.

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