Kalibangan was first discovered in 1961 by a team of archaeologists led by B. B. Lal. Since then, extensive excavations have been carried out at the site, revealing the remains of a thriving city that existed between 2900 and 1900 BCE. The city was divided into two parts: a fortified citadel and a lower town.
The citadel was located on a high mound and was surrounded by massive mud-brick walls. It contained important buildings such as the ruler's palace, a granary, a large water tank, and several workshops. The lower town was spread around the citadel and was home to the common people. It had residential houses, streets, and wells.
One of the most significant findings at Kalibangan was the discovery of fire altars and other ritual structures. These structures suggest that the city was an important religious center. It is believed that Kalibangan was a major center for the worship of the fire god, Agni. Other important artifacts found at the site include pottery, jewelry, terracotta figurines, and tools made of stone, copper, and bronze.
The decline of Kalibangan occurred around 1900 BCE. The reasons for the city's collapse are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to climate change and shifting river courses. The city was eventually abandoned and lay buried for centuries until its rediscovery in the 20th century.
Kalibangan is a remarkable site that provides valuable insights into the prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of the Indus Valley Civilization. The well-preserved ruins and artifacts found at the site have helped to shed light on the daily life, religious practices, and technological advancements of this ancient civilization.