- In 1211, Genghis Khan launched his first major campaign against the Jin Dynasty, which ruled northern China.
- By 1215, the Mongols had conquered much of northern China and captured the Jin capital, Zhongdu (present-day Beijing).
- The Jin Dynasty collapsed in 1234 after a series of Mongol campaigns.
2. Central Asia
- Genghis Khan's conquests in Central Asia began in 1219 with a campaign against the Khwarezmid Empire.
- By 1221, the Mongols had conquered most of Central Asia, including the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand.
- The Khwarezmid Empire collapsed in 1221 after a series of Mongol campaigns.
3. Middle East
- In 1220, Genghis Khan sent an army into the Middle East, which conquered much of Persia (present-day Iran).
- The Mongols also invaded Iraq and Syria, but were defeated by the Mamluk Sultanate in 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut.
4. Europe
- In 1223, Genghis Khan launched a campaign into Europe, which reached as far as Hungary and Poland.
- However, the Mongols were unable to maintain their hold on these areas and withdrew in 1242 after the death of Genghis Khan.