1. Celestial Navigation: Sailors used observations of the sun, moon, and stars to determine their position. They used instruments like astrolabes, quadrants, and sextants to measure the angles of celestial bodies and calculate their latitude and longitude.
2. Magnetic Compass: The magnetic compass was a crucial instrument used for navigation. It aligned itself with the Earth's magnetic field and provided a reference for direction, allowing sailors to maintain a course.
3. Dead Reckoning: Sailors estimated their position by keeping track of the distance and direction traveled since their last known location. They used logs to record the speed of the ship and a compass to maintain a consistent course.
4. Charts and Maps: Sailors used charts and maps to gain an understanding of their surroundings and plan their routes. These maps often contained information about coastlines, landmarks, depths, and potential hazards.
5. Lead Line: Sailors used a lead line, which was a rope with a weight attached to one end, to measure the depth of the water. This helped them avoid shallow areas and potential dangers such as rocks or sandbars.
6. Sailors also relied on their knowledge of the local waters, weather patterns, and currents to navigate safely. They often made use of landmarks, such as mountains or lighthouses, to help them determine their location.