- The Spaniards possessed superior military technology compared to the Aztecs. They had muskets, cannons, and steel armor, which gave them a significant advantage in battles. The Aztecs, on the other hand, primarily used spears, bows and arrows, and simple stone weapons.
2. Alliance with Native Groups:
- The Spaniards skillfully utilized diplomacy to form alliances with various indigenous groups who were discontented with Aztec rule. These alliances provided crucial support in terms of manpower, supplies, and knowledge of the terrain, weakening the Aztec Empire from within.
3. Smallpox Epidemic:
- A devastating smallpox epidemic swept through the Aztec population shortly before the Spanish arrival, decimating their numbers and weakening their military strength. Estimates suggest that up to 80% of the Aztec population perished due to the disease.
4. Military Strategy:
- The Spaniards employed effective military strategies, such as cutting off vital supply routes and isolating the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. They also utilized cavalry to their advantage, causing significant damage to the Aztec forces.
5. Hernan Cortes' Leadership:
- The leadership of Hernan Cortes played a crucial role in the Spanish conquest. Cortes demonstrated strategic brilliance, tactical prowess, and charisma in uniting and motivating his troops during the campaign.
6. Aztec Political Divisions:
- Internal political divisions within the Aztec Empire contributed to its downfall. Some Aztec city-states and conquered peoples resented Aztec rule and were willing to ally with the Spaniards to overthrow their oppressors.