Other critical shifts that allowed sedentary civilizations to dominate nomadic people after the 25th century included:
- The development of writing, which allowed sedentary people to record and transmit information, and to develop complex systems of government and law.
- The development of metallurgy, which allowed sedentary people to produce weapons and tools that were superior to those of nomadic people.
- The development of irrigation, which allowed sedentary people to increase their agricultural production and to settle in areas that were previously too dry to support agriculture.
These shifts allowed sedentary civilizations to become more powerful and prosperous than nomadic people, and to eventually dominate them.