1. Native American Assistance: The Pilgrims were struggling during the harsh winter months, with many falling ill due to scurvy, malnutrition, and exposure to the elements. Their survival prospects were greatly improved by their interactions with the local Wampanoag tribe. In particular, Squanto, a Wampanoag who had previously traveled to England and spoke English, served as a crucial intermediary between the settlers and the Native Americans. Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn and other crops, provided them with essential provisions such as fish and game, and warned them of potential threats from other Native American tribes. Additionally, the Wampanoag under the leadership of Massasoit, entered into a peace treaty with the Pilgrims known as the First Treaty of Plymouth, which further contributed to their survival.
2. Leadership of Governor William Bradford: Governor William Bradford played a crucial role in maintaining order and cohesion among the Pilgrims during difficult times. He demonstrated wise and effective leadership, setting strict rules, allocating resources fairly, and inspiring hope among the settlers. Bradford kept the colony united despite the hardships and ensured that everyone worked together for the common good. His leadership was essential in guiding the Pilgrims through their early struggles and laying the foundation for the success of the Plymouth colony.
3. Provisions and Supplies: Although under-supplied, the Pilgrims had brought some essential provisions with them from England, including salted meat, grains, and tools. They also relied on hunting, fishing, and foraging for food. The settlers worked collectively to gather resources, share their expertise, and pool their supplies. This cooperative effort prevented widespread starvation and helped sustain the community during the harsh winter.
4. Fortified Shelter: The Pilgrims managed to build a fortified shelter, known as a "meeting house," which provided protection from the elements and served as a communal space where the settlers gathered for worship and meetings. Adequate shelter was crucial for surviving the cold weather and preventing frostbite and other health issues.
Despite these efforts, the first winter took a heavy toll on the Pilgrims, with nearly half of their original group succumbing to disease, malnutrition, and harsh conditions. However, their resilience, adaptability, and the assistance they received from the Native Americans allowed them to persevere and establish a permanent settlement in America.