- The Toltec Empire faced internal conflicts and power struggles between different ruling factions, weakening its unity and stability.
- Internal political instability and struggles for power led to a divide among the Toltec elites.
2. Drought and Famine:
- Prolonged droughts and devastating famines severely affected the agricultural productivity and food supplies of the Toltec regions, leading to economic hardship and widespread dissatisfaction among the population.
3. Invasion and Conflict:
- The Chichimecas, nomadic tribes from the north, launched repeated attacks and invasions on the Toltec territory, exploiting their vulnerability during times of drought and political instability.
- The Chichimecas were skilled archers and warriors and were able to capitalize on the weakening Toltec defenses.
4. Economic Decline:
- The disruptions caused by drought, famine, and warfare disrupted trade routes, agricultural activities, and economic prosperity. This led to a decline in the Toltec economy and a decrease in resources for maintaining the empire.
5. Cultural Assimilation:
- Over time, the Toltec culture and traditions gradually assimilated with those of the invading Chichimecas. This assimilation led to the loss of the distinct Toltec identity and influence.
6. Loss of Control over Tributary States:
- As the Toltec Empire weakened, the tributary states that had been under its control began to assert their independence, further contributing to the fragmentation and decline of the empire.
7. Natural Disasters:
- Earthquakes and other natural disasters may have also played a role in destabilizing the Toltec civilization, causing damage to infrastructure and further exacerbating the challenges they faced.
It's important to note that the fall of the Toltec Empire was a complex process that involved multiple factors and influences, many of which are still subjects of ongoing historical and archaeological research. The events and causes described above provide a general understanding of the reasons behind the empire's decline.